Analogue and Digital Electronics

Вариант 4

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите, является ли подчеркнутая форма инфинитивом, причастием или герундием. Переведите письменно предложения на русский язык.

Example: The falling water has kinetic energy. Falling – Причастие I. Падающая вода обладает кинетической энергией.

Though first developed for military purposes radar can be used in modern cars. - Причастие I. Один из первых разработанных в военных целях радар может быть использован в современных машинах.

By using this device, we are able to make new kinds of experiment. - Инфинитив. Используя это устройство, мы сможем делать новые виды экспериментов.

The elements possessing this property make the experiment impossible. - Причастие I. Элементы, обладающие этим свойством, делают эксперимент невозможным.

The progress of electronics to have resulted in the invention of electronic computers was a breakthrough of the second part of the 20th century. - Герундий. Развитие электроники привело к изобретению электронного компьютера, которое было прорывом второй половины 20-го века.

II. Раскройте скобки, используя Participle I или Participle II. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Example: (Heat) magnet loses some of its magnetism. – Heated magnet loses some of its magnetism.

The device (produce) in the laboratory was portable. - The device produced in the laboratory was portable. - Устройство произведенное в лаборатории было портативным.

Early computers (use) vacuum tubes could perform computations in milliseconds. - Early computers used vacuum tubes could perform computations in milliseconds. - Ранний комьютеры использовали вакуумные лампы, которые преобразовавали расчеты за миллисекунды.

Now computers are arrays of integrated circuits (build out) of pieces of silicon. - Now computers are arrays of integrated circuits building out of pieces of silicon. - Сейчас компьютеры это массивы интегральных схем, построенных из кусочков кремния.

The (penetrate) power and other characteristics of X-rays make them extremely useful in medicine. - The penetrating power and other characteristics of X-rays make them extremely useful in medicine. - Проникающие способности и другие характеристики рентгеновских лучей делают их чрезвычайно полезными в медицине.

III. Перефразируйте данные сложные предложения, употребив независимый причастный оборот. Переведите письменно полученные предложения.

Example: As the weather was fine, we went for a walk. – The weather being fine, we went for a walk. – Так как погода была хорошая, мы пошли гулять.

If the temperature increases, the resistivity of the semiconductor decreases. - The temperature insreases, the resistivity of the semiconductor decreases. - Так как температура увеличивается, сопротивление полупроводника уменьшается.

When the research work was fulfilled, we decided to publish the results. - The research work was fulfilled, we decided to publish the results. - Так как исследовательская работа была закончена, мы решили опубликовать результаты.

When the first communications satellite was launched, the satellite wireless industry exploded. - The first communications satellite was launched, the satellite wireless industry exploded. - Как только был запущен первый спутник, сфера беспроводных спутников “взорвалась”.

IV. Прочитайте и перепишите следующие предложения. Определите, к какому типу условного предложения относится каждое из них. Переведите письменно предложение.

Example: Ice will turn into water if you heat it. – Условное предложение I типа. – Лед превратится в воду, если его нагревать.

1. If an Integrated services Digital Network (ISDN) is developed in our country, the subscribers will have the complete spectrum of telecommunications services. – Условное предложение I типа. – Если бы цифровая сеть с интеграцией служб разрабатывалась у нас в стране, то пользователи имели бы полный спектр телекоммуникационных услуг.

The machine wouldn’t have been broken if all the safety measures had been taken. Условное предложения III типа. - Машина бы не сломалась, если бы все меры безопасности были приняты.

The reaction wouldn’t proceed if we didn’t add some water. - Условное предложение II типа. - Реакция не произойдет, если мы не добавим немного воды.

Работа над текстом

I. Прочитайте текст. Постарайтесь понять его содержание. Выполните задания после текста.

Analogue and Digital Electronics

1. The first electronic devices invented and mass produced were analogue. However, as time progressed digital circuits have become predominant in electronics. It is important to note that analogue and digital devices are the same, the only difference is the way they represent and process information. The same basic components can be used for analogue or digital circuits.

The main differences between analogue and digital electronics are listed below:

2. Noise: Because the way information is encoded in analogue circuits, they are much more susceptible to noise than digital circuits, since a small change in the signal can represent a significant change in the information present in the signal and can cause the information present to be lost, corrupted or otherwise made useless. In digital electronics, because the information is quantized, as long as the signal stays inside a range of values, it represents the same information. This is one of the main reasons that digital electronic circuits are predominant. In fact, digital circuits use this principle to regenerate the signal at each logic gate, lessening or removing noise.

3. Precision: A number of factors affect how precise a signal is, mainly the noise present in the original signal and the noise added by processing. See Signal to Noise Ratio. In digital electronics it is much easier to have high precision signals than in analogue electronics, because of the way information is represented and how noise affects digital and analogue signals.

Speed: This is where analogue electronics really outshines digital electronics. Analogue circuits are several times faster than their digital counterparts. Depending on the operation, analogue circuits can be several hundreds or hundreds of thousands of times faster than digital circuits. This is because information in digital circuits is represented by bits, while in analogue electronics it is represented by a property of the signal itself.

4. Bandwidth: Simply put, bandwidth is the amount of information a given circuit can cope with. Again, analogue circuits have much more bandwidth than digital, and can process/transmit more information in the same time.

Design Difficulty: Digital systems are much easier and smaller to design than comparable analogue circuits. This is one of the main reasons why digital systems are more common than analogue. An analogue circuit must be designed by hand, and the process is much less automated than for digital systems. Also, because the smaller the integrated circuit (chip) the cheaper it is, and digital systems are much smaller than analogue, digital is cheaper to manufacture.

Notes: