Before you start
1. Why manufacture is closely connected to science?
Reading
2. Read the text and find answers to the questions below:
1. How does higher education help to improve manufacture anddevelop industry?
2. What must a qualified engineer know to meet the needs ofindustry?
3. How do scientists and engineers contribute to engineeringeducation?
4. What can help to solve the processing problems?
The Role of Science in Manufacture
Future improvements in productivity are largely dependent onthe application of science to manufacturing. This depends in turn onthe availability of large numbers of scientifically trained engineers.
The higher schools can serve the needs of industry in two ways: byperforming basic research and by training well-qualified engineers inthe manufacturing field.
There is a growing need for engineers who are familiar with thefundamental problems in metal processing and manufacturing. In thenear future many of the engineers will be recent university graduates.
A few will come through courses of study in industry. Others, havinga basic engineering knowledge will continue additional studies atcolleges to prepare themselves for work in industry. Therefore, anengineer does not finish his education when he receives his diploma,particularly in the fields of interest to implement engineers who are tostudy new developments, constantly.
There are numerous ways in which industry and education cancooperate on problems of common interest. Scientists and researchengineers are engaged in work that is intended to provide a scientificapproach to many purely industrial problems. These scientists and engineers can make a real contribution to engineering education or academic research. They can, for example, propose advanceengineering courses and they can actively participate in basic andapplied research.
Similarly, large and complicated projects of new technologies could well be handled by institute researchers working on practicalapplications. This would often provide the most efficient approach tothe solution of processing problems.
Vocabulary
3. Match the words from the text with the meanings (1-7) below:
a. availability 1. to act in a certain capacity
b. serve 2. giving something to someone
c. research 3. be held
d. graduate 4. be employed
e. be engaged 5. the state of being ready for use
f. contribution 6. a scientific investigation
g. be handled 7. a person who holds an academic degree
Speaking
4. Arrange the following sentences according to the logic of the text:
1. Both scientists and engineers can make a contribution toengineering education and academic research.
2. An engineer does not finish his education when he receiveshis diploma.
3. There is a close cooperation between industry and education.
4. The higher school can serve the needs of industry.
5. Work with a partner. Discuss with your partner the questionsbelow:
1. Why is it important for scientists to cooperate with industry?
2. Why does an engineer have to continue his education afterreceiving a diploma?
3. What is the role of science in manufacture?
UNIT XIII
Moving molecules
Before you start
1. Answer the following questions:
1. If you put a cup of ice cream under the sun, what happens? Why?
2. If you put a glass of water in the freezer, what happens? Why?
3. Why do we put ice in our drinks in the summer?
4. Why does butter melt on toasted bread?
Reading
2. Read the text and decide if the sentences (1-10) below are true (T)or false (F):
1. Heat spreads from cold things to warm things.
2. Bread doesn't have any molecules because it is solid.
3. When you toast bread, the molecules in it move faster.
4. The molecules in cold butter are not moving.
5. Molecules in ice cubes move faster than those in fruit juice.
6. Before butter becomes soft and warm, the molecules in the butterdon't move.
7. Heat causes things to melt.
8. Cold things move slowly.
9. Heat is a type of molecule.
10. When you put ice in fruit juice, the molecules in the juice movefaster.
Moving Molecules
Did you put butter on your toast at breakfast this morning? Ifyou did, you must have noticed that the butter didn't stay cold forvery long. Heat from the toast passed into the butter and caused it tomelt.
Heat is a type of energy, and it spreads from warm things tocold things. Moving molecules pass the heat along. Even though apiece of bread is solid, it has molecules which move. When the breadis toasted, these molecules move faster.
Cold butter also has molecules. They move very slowly becausethey are cool. But when you put the butter on hot toast, the fastmoving molecules in the bread hit the slow moving molecules in the butter. The motion passes between the molecules until the butterbecomes soft and warm.
Because they are so cold, ice cubes have very slow-movingmolecules. Fruit juice, on the other hand, has molecules with moreheat energy which move faster. When you put ice in a glass of fruitjuice, the molecules in the juice lose energy and slow down. Thejuice stays cool until all the ice melts.
Vocabulary
3. Fill in the blanks with the words from the box in an appropriateform (one word is extra):
to melt, to spread, to move, to slow down, to do, coo, to move, fast
1. When you put cold butter on hot bread you see that it_____ staycold for very long.
2. Heat from the bread causes the butter to_______________.
3. Heat_______________from warm things to cold things.
4. A piece of bread is not soft, but it also has__________molecules.
5. When bread is toasted, the molecules in the bread begin to____faster.
6. Ice cubes have very slow moving molecules because they arevery________.
7. When juice gets colder, the molecules in the juice lose energyand_________.
Speaking
4. Think of at least 3 questions to ask your partner about the processof evaporating water from the earth into the sky and return to earthas rain. Use ideas from the text.
For example:
1. Water evaporates fromthe surface of the oceans, then …
2. After that ….
3. Secondly ….
4. Thirdly….
5. In the end … / Finally …
UNIT XIV
Bend it like…
Before you start
1. Read the sentences 1-3 below. What does the word “smart” meanin each one: clever, fashionable, or formal?
1. He wore a smart suit to the meeting.
2. She's the smartest girl in her class.
3. They stayed in a smart hotel in New York.
Reading
2. Look at the title of the text Smart materials. Do you think thematerials are clever, fashionable, or formal? Read the text andcheck.
Smart materials
Smart - or shape memory - materials are an invention that haschanged the world of engineering. There are two types: metal alloys and plastic polymers. The metal alloys were made first and they areusually an expensive mixture of titanium and nickel.
Shape memory materials are called 'smart' because they react tochanges in their environment, for example:· plastics that return to their original shape when thetemperature changes. One use is in surgery where plastic threads'remember' the shape of a knot, react to the patient's body temperatureand make themselves into stitches;· metal alloys that have a 'memory' and can return to theiroriginal shape. They are used in medical implant s that are compressed so they can be put inside the patient's body through asmall cut. The implant then expand s back to its original shape. Moreeveryday uses are for flexible spectacle frames and teeth braces;· solids that darken in sunlight, like the lenses in somesunglasses; liquid crystals that change shape and colour. These have beenused in climbing ropes that change colour if there is too much strainand weight on them.
The future of these materials and their possible uses is limitedonly by human imagination. One clever idea is that if cars were madeof smart metal, a minor accident could be repaired by leaving the carin the sun!
3. Read the text again and choose the correct answers for questions 1-4 below:
1. Smart materials change when a. the weather changes.
b. something affects them.
с. the light is switched on.
2. Plastic threads are used for a. sewing.
b. stitching.
с. knitting.
3. Medical implants made from shape memory alloys are goodbecause
a. they save lives.
b. they change colour.
с. they are easy to put in.
4. Climbing ropes with liquid crystals change colour to
a. warn you.
b. amuse you.
с. make you heavy.
Vocabulary
4. Complete the definitions (1-7) below with the underlined words inthe text
1. An______ is something medical put inside the body, e.g. a heartvalve.
2. You need a good_________to think of new and interesting ideas.
3. _________are materials made from mixing two metals.
4. To_________ means to become bigger
5. To_________is to change because something else happens.
6. The_________is everything around a person or thing.
7. To be ___________means to be made smaller.
Speaking
5. Work with a partner. Choose one of the smart materials in the text.Think of three interesting ways it could be used. Compare your ideaswith other students. How many original ideas are there in yourclass?
UNIT XV
Metals
Before you start
1. Why are metals essential in today’s life?
Reading
2. Read the text and find answers to the questions below:
1. What equipment and materials are needed to extract iron fromiron ore?
2. How is steel made?
3. How does different inclusion of other elements influence theproperties of the steel?
Metals
1. If you look around you, you will see that many of the thingswe use in our daily life have metal in them. Metals are substancesthat are mined from the earth where they were formed a long timeago. When metals are mined, they are found mixed with rocks andearth in a form called ore. The most common ores are iron andbauxite. Aluminum, a metal used for many household objects, ismade from bauxite. There are as many as seventy different kinds ofmetals, but iron is the most commonly used. After iron ore is minedthe rocks and dirt must be separated from the metal. This process iscalled smelting and is done by heating the ore in giant blast furnaces.
2. The ore is placed in a steel furnace which is lined withbricks. Then a special kind of coal, called coke, is added along withlimestone. Hot air is forced into the furnace, heating the mixture to1.600 degrees centigrade. The metal in the ore becomes liquid andsinks to the bottom. Other substances rise to the top and are skimmedoff. These waste products are called slag and are worthless. Theliquid iron is then poured out into a mold to cool and become solid.Later, it can be heated again and molded to make useful items. If it isto be made into steel, iron is melted again and mixed with carbon inanother careful process. There are many kinds of steel, and theprocess for making each kind is different.
3. The inclusion of other elements affects the properties of thesteel. Manganese gives extra strength and toughness. Steel containing4 per cent silicon is used for transformer cores or electromagnets because it has large grains acting like small magnets. The addition ofchromium gives extra strength and corrosion resistance, so we canget rust-proof steels. Heating in the presence of carbon or nitrogen-rich materials is used to form a hard surface on steel (case-hardening). High-speed steels, which are extremely important inmachine-tools, contain chromium and tungsten plus smaller amountsof vanadium, molybdenum and other metals.
Vocabulary
3. Match the words from the text with the meanings (1-7) below:
a. mine 1. the ore from which aluminum is made
b. furnace 2. baked clay
c. process 3. to dig a hole in order to obtain something
d. brick 4. extremely large
e. bauxite 5. an enclosed space in which a hot fire ismade to extract metals from ores
f. giant 6. a rock from which metal can be obtained
g. liquid 7. a substance which is not a solid or a gas
h. ore 8. a connected set of actions which are carriedout to obtain a particular result
Speaking and Writing
4. Arrange the following sentences according to the process ofmelting described in the text:
1 The liquid iron is poured out into a mold to cool and becomesolid.
2 The ore is put in a steel furnace.
3 A coke is added with limestone.
4 The metal in the ore becomes liquid and sinks to the bottom.
5 Hot air is forced into a furnace.
6 Slag rises to the top and is skimmed off.
5. Make up a report on how metals are produced using the followingclichés:
1. First iron ore is mined.
2. Then … / Secondly ….
3. After that … / Thirdly….
4. Later….
5. In the end … / Finally
UNIT XVI
Tantalum
Before you start
1. Answer the following questions:
1. What rare metals do you know?
2. Why are these metals important in metallurgy?
Vocabulary
2. Match the words from the text with the meanings (1-7) below:
a. withdraw 1. metal in the form of a thread
b. disrupt 2. similar cells and their products produced byhuman beings
c. fracture 3. the branch of medicine
d. tissue 4. to bother
e. wire 5. to be broken
f. surgery 6. to take away
g. irritate 7. to throw into disorder
Reading
3. Read the text and find answers to the questions below:
1. Why is tantalum named after the hero of Greek mythologyhero?
2. Why is it difficult to get tantalum in a pure state?
3. Where can tantalum be used?
4. What are the properties of tantalum?
Tantalum
First of all, where does the name of this metal come from? Themetal, grey and hard, was named after Tantalus, a hero of Greekmythology. Tantalus was the son of Zeus ['zju:s] and the nymphPluto ['plu:tqu] and father of Niobe ["naI'qub]. Tantalus wasseverely punished because he revealed the secret of Zeus. He was
plunged up to the chin in water with the fruit hanging over his head.
But both water and fruit withdraw from him, whenever he tried toreach for them.In the early nineteenth century Ekeberg, a Swedish scientist,suffered about as much as Tantalus himself when he discovered anew element in some minerals but could not get it pure. The firstchemist who got it in a comparatively pure state was Berzelius. Buteven he failed. It was really his follower Henry Rose who finally gotpure tantalum after he had studied its properties for almost fifteen
years. In fact, even now it is difficult to get pure tantalum.
What about the uses of this rare metal? Where is it applied? Ithas important uses in medicine, to begin with. Surgeons fix upfractured bones and skulls and unite tissues with it. They also usetantalum to replace muscles. And they knit together sinews with finetantalum wire.
Doctors believe it possible to make use of tantalum in surgerybecause it does not irritate tissues. And it does not disrupt thefunctions of the body either. Tantalum is both hard and flexible. As amatter of fact, it is so flexible that it can be easily drawn out into thefinest wire. Tantalum resists corrosion. That is why it is fit for liningchemical apparatus. Besides, it has a most important use inmetallurgy. It is good for making high-quality steels. Of course,tantalum is still a rare and valuable metal, and so it cannot be usedwidely.
Speaking and Writing
4. Arrange the following sentences according to logic of the text:
1. Tantalum is very useful in metallurgy.
2. Tantalum is suitable for lining chemical devices.
3. This chemical element was called after a hero of Greekmythology.
4. This metal doesn’t irritate tissues during surgical operations.
5. It is very difficult to obtain pure tantalum even now.
5. Read the text once more and fill in the table:
| scope | properties | purpose of using |
| medicine ……………… ……………… | flexibility ……………… ……………… | unite issues ………………… ……………… |
UNIT XVII
Thallium
Before you start
1. What do you think will happen when the world runs out of metals?
Vocabulary
2. Match the words from the text with the meanings (1-7) below:
a. bud 1. something that remains
b. twig 2. to say something is true
c. residue 3. a small structure that contains flowers orleaves
d. to resemble 4. a glow of reflected light
e. tinge 5. to be similar to
f. luster 6. a slight trace of colour
g. to claim 7. a small shoot
Reading
3. Read the text and find answers to the questions below:
1. What was the year of thallium discovery?
2. Who named the element “thallium” and why?
3. What group of chemical elements is thallium associatedwith?
4. Where is thallium placed in the Mendeleyev table?
5. What colour has this element when it is exposed to air?
Thallium
Thallium made its public debut in 1862 at the InternationalExhibition in London. The year before W. Crookes searching byspectrography for tellurium in the residues of a German sulfuric acidplant noted an unaccountable green line in the spectrum. Heconcluded that this line represented a new element.
With a poetic touch he compared the colour of the spectrumline to the bright green tint of new vegetation and named the element thallium from the Latin thallus – “ a budding twig”. He wassuccessful in obtaining a small quantity in metallic form for displayat the 1862 International Exhibition in London. Controversies have often arisen as to the priority of a discovery,and thallium was no exception. Professor A. Lamy, workingindependently of W. Crookes, observed the same spectrum line in theresidues from another sulfuric acid plant and claimed credit for itsdiscovery. W. Crookes was, probably, prior to A. Lamy in discoveryand preparation by only a few months.
W. Crookes' assumption that thallium belonged to the sulphurfamily was soon disproved as the physical and chemical propertieswere investigated. Studies revealed that the element was closelyassociated with lead, mercury, potassium and aluminum. Mendeleyevwhen publishing his atomic table placed it in Group III under indiumbetween mercury and lead; and this has been its accepted place ever
since.
Thallium is found in potash minerals, which have nocommercial significance at present. Today the metal is recoveredmainly as a by-product from the roasting of pyrite ores in theproduction of sulfuric acid and from the smelting of lead and zinc.
Metallic thallium when freshly cut has a metallic luster, whichupon exposure to air dulls to a bluish grey tinge resembling lead inappearance. As a matter of fact, the properties of thallium are verysimilar to those of lead.
Investigations of the systems of thallium and other elementsshow that thallium readily alloys with many other elements, theexceptions are copper, zinc, aluminum, nickel and selenium.
Speaking
4. Arrange the following sentences according to the logic of the text:
1. It is often discussed who is the first to discover a newelement, and thallium was no exception.
2. Thallium didn’t belong to the sulphur family because of thephysical and chemical properties.
3. Professor A. Lamy was the first to discover a new element.
4. Lead and thallium stand near each other in the atomic table.
5. Investigations show that thallium doesn’t alloy with zinc.
5. Work with a partner. Persuade your partner that is it difficult to bea discoverer of a new metal using the information from the text.
UNIT XVIII
How do you say?
Before you start
1. What do these abbreviations stand for? Match the abbreviations inthe box with the full forms (1-9) below:
1.centimeter a) km
2 gram b) ml
3. cubic c) kg
4. square d) m
5. kilogram e) cm
6. kilometer f) g
7. liter g) (x)²
8. meter h) l
9. milliliter i) (x)³
Vocabulary
2. What are the measurements in Exercise 1 used for? Complete thesentences (1-8) below by putting one word in each space. Use thewords in the box:
area ■ capacity ■ distance ■ length ■ liquid (quantity)■ speed ■ weight ■ height
1. The _________of the Eiffel Tower in Paris is about three hundredmeters.
2. The_________of the Charles Bridge in Prague is five hundred andsixteen meters.
3. The surface_________ of Lake Balaton in Hungary is five hundredand ninety-three square kilometers.
4. The maximum_________limit on expressways in Poland is onehundred and ten kilometers per hour.
5. The_________of the bell in Dubrovnik's city tower is twothousand kilograms.
6. The_________between Bratislava and Budapest is about twohundredkilometers.
7. A magnum champagne bottle can hold one point five litresof_________.
8. The engine_________ of a Formula One car is three thousandcubic centimetres.
3. Rewrite the measurements in Exercise 4 as numbers andabbreviations. Use the numbers and abbreviations in the box:
516m ■ 1l0kph ■ 3000сс (or cm³) ■ 300m ■ 1.5l ■ 593km² ■ 2000kg■ 200km
4. Rewrite the measurements (1-9) below as numbers andabbreviations.
1. twenty-two kilometers per hour
2. two liters
3. one point five square meters
4. six square kilometers
5. fifty milliliters
6. eighteen kilograms
7. one hundred and thirty grams
8. one point five meters by fifty centimeters
9. nought point seven five cubic meters
Writing
5. Write true answers to these questions. Use words, not numbers.
Example: - What area is your classroom?
- It is about twenty square meters.
1. What area is your classroom?
2. How tall are you?
3. What is the speed limit on the roads in your town?
4. How fast can you run?
5. What is the area ot your desk?
6. How much does your school bag weigh?
7. How much did you weigh when you were born?
8. How far is it from your town to the capital city?
Speaking
6. Check if you know smth about the history of measurement. Forexample, what are the connections between human bodies andmeasurement.
UNIT XIX