СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
Страдательный залог – действие происходит над предметом (пример: Кафе сейчас ремонтируют. Пиццу доставят через двадцать минут.) Во всех временах страдательного залога используется глагол be + V3 в правильной форме.
| Present simple |  is
am V3
are
| 1) расписание 2) повседневные дела 3) привычки 4) общеизвестные факты 5) комментарии, обзоры | always, usually, every day, sometimes, often … |
| Present Continuous |  is
am being V3
are
| 1) сейчас 2) временная ситуация 3) план на ближайшее будущее 4) недовольство, раздражение (always!) 5) изменяющаяся ситуация | now, at the moment, this week (year..), … |
| Present Perfect |  have
been V3
has
| 1) результат 2) действие началось и длится до сих пор | 1) already, just, ever, never, yet, recently, so far 2) since, for |
| Past Simple |  was
V3
were
| 1) завершенное действие в прошлом 2) действия, следующие одно за другим в прошлом | when, then, yesterday, last year, …ago, in 1990, on Monday … |
| Past Continuous |  was
being V3
were
| 1) действие в определенный момент в прошлом 2) несколько одноврем. действий в прошлом 3) фоновая информация 4) прерванное действие в прошлом | when, while, at … |
| Past Perfect | had been V3 | 1) предпрошедшее действие 2) результат в прошлом | 1) by, before 2) already, just … |
| Future Simple | will be V3 | 1) предсказание, основан. на предположении 2) обещание 3) сиюминутное решение 4) просьбы, угрозы | next week, tomorrow, … |
| Future Perfect | will have beenV3 | действие завершится к определенному моменту в буд. | by |
| Структура для буд. времени | be going to be V3 | собираться делать что-то | |
| модальные глаголы | can
may be V3
should
….
| см. модальные глаголы | |
| модальные глаголы с перфектным инфинитивом |  can
may have been V3
should
| см. модальные глаголы |
Примеры:
My bag has been stolen! A boy was arrested in town yesterday for stealing an apple.
The French bistro is being knocked down. The potato was brought to Europe by Sir Walter Raleigh.
В страдательном залоге используются предлоги by (сделано кем-то, чем-то) и with (с помощью чего-то), например: Margarine was invented by a French chef. The best pizzas are made by the Italians. The soup should then be stirred with a spoon.
БЕЗЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫСТРАДАТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА
В формальном стиле для выражения мнения используются особые формы страдательного залога. Они используются со словами: say, believe, think, claim, estimate и т.д. Основная формы –
существительное + is / are said to + V / have V3
It is said that + предложение
Сравните формы
| Действительный залог | Безличная форма страдательного залога |
| People think he is a great chef. | He is thought to be a great chef. It is thought that he is a great chef. |
| People believe he was a great chef. | He is believed to have been a great chef. It is believed that he was a great chef. |
| People claim he has had an influence on many other chefs. | He is claimed to have had an influence on many other chefs. It is claimed that he has had an influence on many other chefs. |
| People say he has been making the best cheese in the area for over thirty years. | He is said to have been making the best cheese in the area for over thirty years. It is said that he has been making the best cheese in the area for over thirty years. |
| People estimated that his restaurant was worth over $10 million. | His restaurant was estimated to be / to have been worth over $10 million. It was estimated that his restaurant was worth over $10 million. |
| People have suggested that heis great chef. | It has been suggested that he is a great chef. |
КАУЗАТИВНАЯ ФОРМА
Каузативная форма используется, когда 1) что-то сделано кем-то, а не нами, но мы говорим: я подстриглась, я вылечил зуб, он помыл машину (в мойке) и т.д.; 2) произошло что-то неприятное и незапланированное: У Смитов украли их новую микроволновую печь. Используются следующие формы:
have/get + сущ. +V3. Меняется только временная форма have/get. Get – неформальный глагол, have – более формальный.
| Present simple | have + сущ. + V3 has | I have my groceries delivered by the supermarket once a week. |
| Present Continuous | is am having+сущ.+ V3 are | We are having a new cooker put in tomorrow. |
| Present Perfect | have + had+сущ.+ V3 has | Have you had your kitchen decorated? |
| Present Perfect Continuous | have been having +сущ.+V3 has | |
| Past Simple | had + сущ.+ V3 | We had a large wedding cake made. |
| Past Continuous | was having+сущ.+V3 were | |
| Past Perfect | had +had + сущ.+ V3 | |
| Past Perfect Continuous | had+been+having+сущ.+V3 | |
| Future Simple | will + have + сущ. +V3 | |
| Future Continuous | will + be having + сущ. +V3 | |
| Future Perfect | will + have had + сущ. +V3 | |
| Future Perfect Continuous | will + have been having +сущ. +V3 |