1. I was in such hurry this morning that I (had) time to phone you. 2. We (shall miss) the train if we take a taxi. 3. I (know) how to handle this machine. 4. Electricity has many useful properties: it (generates) by- products and (contaminates) the environment. 5. There (was) railway between the two cities and we took a bus to get from one to the other. 6. I should like to buy a new car but I (can afford) it now. 7. The first steam locomotive (moved) at a speed of 120 km/h.
IX. Перепишите предложения. Задайте общие вопросы и специальные вопросы
к подчеркнутым словам.
1. The experiments were put off after the accident for an indefinite time. 2. Now, all the railways have a standard gauge. 3. The Railway International Journal publishes many articles about the construction of high-speed railways all over the world. 4. We were waiting for the train arrival on the platform the whole hour. 5. She left her driving license at home. 6. He has been offered ₤350 for his old car, but its price is much higher.7. Passengers should be at the station at least thirty minutes before boarding the train if they need to buy tickets.
X. Перепишите и переведите текст.
UNDERGROUND RAILWAYS
The underground railway is the quickest, safest, most reliable and comfortable means of city’s transport. Metro can solve the problems of carrying a great number of passengers in large cities as well as the problems of traffic jams, air contamination and noise.
However, from the technical point of view the underground railway system is very expensive and complicated constructional work. This system includes subsurface lines, ground based lines and elevated lines. Ground based lines are usually used at the terminations of the underground railways. Besides the underground and surface structures involve stations, tunnels, escalators, underpasses, ventilation and sanitary engineering as well as a power supply system.
The permanent way of underground railways differs from the usual railway track. The sleepers are only 0.9 m long. They are shorter than those of the railroad track which are 2.7 m long. The sleepers of the usual track are laid upon ballast made of broken stone or other materials. The crossties of the underground railway are laid directly on concrete base. It is more expensive but keeps air free from dust. If the ballast were made of slag, gravel, sand or even broken stone, the train would be followed by the dust clouds.
All Metro trains are powered by electricity. The current is obtained from the third rail. This contact rail is laid along the whole track and transmits the direct current of 825 volts to the train electromotor through the pantograph.
The Underground carrying capacity depends on the number of coaches, which ranges from 2 to 8 per train and the frequency of train running which ranges from 80 seconds to 8 minutes.
Nowadays there are underground railways in 80 cities all over the world. The first Metro railways lines were constructed in London in 1863. It is the oldest but not the longest Underground. New York was the second city to build the subway. The first track was laid in 1868 and nowadays it is the longest Metro in the world. The shortest Metro line was constructed in Turkey. Its length is only 600 m but Istanbul is very proud of the metropolitan means of traffic.
XI. Ответьте на общие вопросы в соответствии с содержанием текста.
1. Is the underground railway the quickest means of transport?
2. Can Metro solve the problem of carrying a great number of passengers in large cities?
3. Does the underground railway system include only subsurface lines?
4. Are the sleepers of the underground railway laid on concrete base?
5. Do the Metro trains always consist of 4 coaches?
6. Are there underground railways in 80 cities all over the world?
7. Was London the second city to build the Metro?
8. Did New York construct its Underground in 1963?
9. Do you know where the shortest railway line in the world is?
10. Have metro lines been already constructed in all large cities all over the world?
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 4
I. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времён групп Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect в действительном и страдательном залогах. Выпишите сказуемые и укажите их видовременные формы.
1. The first bridge at Niagara Falls was built by Samuel Keefer but it was completely destroyed by wind action in seven months after completion. 2. This express train will proceed to the final destination without any stops. 3. Steel sleepers are particularly valued in desert and tropical regions because great variations in day and night temperatures do not affect them. 4. Japanese Railways has banned the passengers to use their cellular telephones on its commuter trains. The railway company has recently received a lot of complains because passengers speaking on their mobile telephones are shouting too loud and disturbing others.
II. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление эквивалентов модальных глаголов (to be allowed to; to be able to; to be to; to have to). Подчеркните эквиваленты модальных глаголов в английских предложениях и в переводе.
1. We missed the last commuter train and had to go by bus. 2. We are not able to wait for them any longer, we are to ring them up and find out what has happened. 3. If you buy railway tickets in advance, you have to pay some extra money. 4. Passengers were not allowed to get
off the carriage because the stop of the train lasted only two minutes. 5. Since the tape-recorder is still under guarantee, I will not have to pay for the repairs.
III. Выберите английский эквивалент русского предложения из трёх данных вариантов. Обращайте внимание на перевод модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов.
1. Он не смог отремонтировать прибор.
a) He was not to repair the device. b) He was not able to repair the device. c) He was not allowed to repair the device.
2. Ей пришлось вести машину на высокой скорости.
a) She could drive a car at a high speed. b) She was allowed to drive a car at a high speed. c) She had to drive a car at a high speed.
3. Я смогу встретить тебя на вокзале.
a) I shall be allowed to meet you at the terminal. b) I can meet you at the terminal. c) I shall be able to meet you at the terminal.
4. Тебе следует быть более внимательным.
a) You should be more attentive. b) You are to be more attentive. c) You can be more attentive.
5. Вы можете подвезти меня до ближайшей станции метро?
a) Were you to give me a lift to the nearest Metro station? b) Can you give me a lift to the nearest Metro station? c) Are you allowed to give me a lift to the nearest Metro station?