Переведите словосочетания.

Переведите на русский язык данные словосочетания, учитывая многозначность слова “rest”.

to have a rest; to be in the state of rest; to rest under suitable conditions; to stop the rest; the rest of cereals; the rest portion of the grain; the rest varieties of wheat; the rest crops of cereals.

2. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык.

to mill grain after drying; to refine cereals before milling; to free grain from bran; to separate the inner part of the grain; to cultivate hard/soft wheat; to produce strong/weak flour; to vary in appearance and characteristics; to prefer the flavour of rye bread; to compare the food value of cereals; to yield wheat with diverse characteristics; to state the importance of the mechanized process of milling; to suppose the increase of the yield of wheat; to result in discarding mineral, vitamin and rough content

3. Укажите номера русских эквивалентов.

1. whereby 2. readily 3. according to 4. largely 5. somewhat 6. by hand 7. commonly

1. согласно (чему-либо) 2. обычно 3. ручным способом 4. отчасти/до некоторой степени 5. легко 6. в значительной степени 7. посредством (чего)

2) Переведите текст:

BREWING: RAW MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY

Beer is considered to be an effervescent (шипучий) beverage resulting from an extract of malted barley boiled with hops and fermented by yeast.

The basic raw materials for brewing include cereals (besides barley, oats, rice, maize, wheat); water (it accounts up to 90% by weight); yeast (specially selected strains). The first phase in the brewing process is malting: the barley is steeped in water for forty-eight hours or longer. Many complex changes take place during malting. The product resulting from the sprouting of the barley is called malt.

The next stage – mashing – consists in mixing malt with water in a special machine called a mash tun. The final result of mashing is the production of wort. The wort is then boiled with hops and later on hoped wort needs cooling.

The essential step in the brewing of beers involves fermenting: the fermentation of malt wort flavoured with hops takes place by means of adding to it yeast. The type of yeast determines the type of fermentation. There are two types of fermentation: “top fermentation” where yeast rises to the top and “bottom fermentation” where yeast falls to the bottom of the tank. The yeast changes the malt extract into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

It should be noted that the fermentation comes only as a climax of a whole series of operations, and the taste, aroma, and appearance of the beverage depend, to a large extent, on the stages leading to the fermentation.

When fermentation is completed the beer is clarified or filtered and is either pumped into storage tanks or racked into casks and finally packed into bottles and cans. The problem of packaging appears to be of great importance as the popularity and demand for brewing production greatly depend on the quality of packaging materials and their forms, their attractiveness playing a significant role.

Brewing is known to be traditionally done, but techniques are better understood and constantly improved. For example, brewers are increasingly using on-line measurements (замеры в режиме онлайн (в темпе поступления информации)) to monitor and control blending. They tend to influence flavour by controlling the raw materials, the fermentation and subsequent processing conditions and packaging techniques. A lot of work is being done to maintain or increase brightness and clarity. There have been considerable improvements in equipment as well.

Brewers are very concerned that the finished techniques they use are the best in terms of product quality and cost effectiveness. Nowadays, various kinds of beers are being manufactured, including light beer, ice beer, dry beer, etc.

1. Укажите номера русских эквивалентов.

1. next 2. to a large extent 3. constantly 4. a lot of 5. as well as 6. by means of

1. постоянно 2. также как 3. следующий 4. посредством 5. в большой степени 6. много

переведите словосочетания.

term - 1. термин 2. срок, определенный период

terms - 1. условия соглашения, договор 2. выражения, язык, способ выражения;

in the simplest term; in terms of figures; in terms of money; in terms of product quality; to come to terms with somebody; a number of terms derived from Latin; the term of our research

3. Переведите на русский язык данные словосочетания.

to steep barley in water; to boil malted barley with hops; to mix malt with water in a mash tun; to cool hopped wort; to ferment malt wort flavoured with hops by yeast; to clarify or filter the beer; to pump the beer into storage tanks; to rack the beer into casks; to pack the final product into bottles or cans; to use on-line measurements; to monitor and control blending; to influence packaging technique; to maintain brightness and clarity.

3) Переведите текст:

FOOD RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT in the 21^st

CENTURY

Food R & D are greatly important to provide the new products needed for success: both must be closely linked in a market and technology linkage.

Three specific issues will heavily influence food manufacturers:

Food Safety. The food industry will have to increase efforts to assure the safety of its products. This will mean greater effort devoted to food safety assurance in product manufacturability, requiring a thorough knowledge of the history and risks associated with all ingredients.

Health Benefits. Big opportunities for the future revolve around offering foods with enhanced nutrient levels and foods containing physiologically active components that deliver potential benefits in health maintenance and disease prevention.

Interest in diet and health has resulted in a whole new industry in the 1990s – functional foods. This is a broad category including nutraceuticals, designer foods, medical foods, pharmafoods, and phytochemicals. It would include many foods currently marketed. Examples are cereal products high in complex carbohydrates and fruit products containing phytochemicals, to provide a particular health benefit.

Biotechnology. Since 1986, more than 25.000 transgenic crop trials have been conducted. Whereas initial crops were designed to deal with important disease or weed problems, the next developments will see compositional changes with improved oils and proteins. Nearly all major crops will likely have some transgenic products in the future and with increased interest in functional foods many possibilities for nutrient or phytochemical modification will occur.