Text 3 (C). Personal Computers




 

The first integrated circuit for computers was developed in 1958. Only in 1971 was the microprocessor that contained all the basic elements of a computer on a single chip introduced, followed by desktop computers in the mid-1970s.

Early computers were built as single-purpose machines, that is, they were built for performing a specific task. The first general-purpose ENIAC built in 1946 was programmable, but changing a program required rewiring¹ the machine!

The micromini computers of the 1970s and most in the 1980s followed the same pattern² and required extensive knowledge of common codes and function keys.

 

Apple Computer’s Macintosh revolutionized the personal computer industry with a new machine. The user no longer has to memorize an operating system command for loading a program or file. Icons or small graphic images that can be selected with a mouse or other pointing device represent programs, functions, and files.

 

NOTES: ¹ rewiring – перепрошивать;

² followed the same pattern – следовали тому же образцу

 

Персональные компьютеры.

Первая интегральная схема для компьютеров была разработана в 1958 г. Только в 1971 году микропроцессор, который содержал все основные элементы компьютера на одном чипе, введен с последующими настольными компьютерами в середине 1970-х годов.

Ранние компьютеры были построены в качестве специализированных машин, то есть, они были построены для выполнения конкретной задачи. Первый компьютер общего назначения ENIAC, построенный в 1946 году был программируемым, но изменение программы требует прошивки машины!

Микро мини компьютеры 1970-х годов и больше всего в 1980-е годы следовали по тому же образцу и требуют обширных знаний общих кодов и функциональных клавиш.

Макинтош от Apple компьютера произвела революцию в индустрии персональных компьютеров с новой машиной. Пользователю больше не нужно запоминать команду операционной системы для загрузки программы или файла. Значки или маленькие графические изображения, которые могут быть выбраны с помощью мыши или другого указывающего устройства, представляют собой программы, функции и файлы.

 

Text 3 (D). Part of Computer System

 

In order to use computers effectively to solve problems computer systems are devised. Computer systems may be discussed in two parts.

The first part is hardware – the physical, electronic, and electromechanical devices that are thought of and recognized as “computers”. The hardware consists of the Central Processing Unit (CPU), input devices and output devices. The CPU is made up of a processor and a main memory, or main store. The processor carries out, or executes, instructions in the program. The main memory stores input data and the program needed by the processor. The main memory also holds output data, or the results of processing.

 

Input devices are used to provide data for the CPU. The keyboard is a common data input device. By using a keyboard, a user can enter data directly into the computer system. Data is sometimes entered on cards or it is often input from a mass storage device, such as magnetic tape or magnetic disk. A mass storage device has a much larger capacity than main memory. That is, it can store more data. The tapes or disks are read by an input device called a tape drive or a disk drive.

 

Output devices receive data from the CPU. The Visual Display Unit (VDU) and printer are common output devices. The VDU is similar to a TV screen. The printer produces printed output on paper. Both the VDU and printer present output data for immediate use. Sometimes, the output data is transmitted along a telephone line to another computer. Output data can also be stored for future use on a mass storage device, such as magnetic tapes or disks.

Input and output devices as well as mass storage devices are collectively called peripherals.

 

The second part is software – programs that control and coordinate the activities of the computer hardware and that direct data processing.

For the computer system to operate, computer programs are required. A computer program is a set of instructions for the CPU. These instructions tell the CPU where to find the input data in the system. The CPU is also instructed how to process the data and where to put the results. Programs are not hardware, as they have no electrical or mechanical components. They can be easily changed according to the user’s needs.

 

Computer software can be divided into two very broad categories – system software and application software.



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