Задание 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на формы герундия.




Unit 1

 

Text A. Civil Engineering.

 

The word “engineering” means the art of designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now applied in a more extended sense. Engineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are: civil, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine, and sanitary engineering. The profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life.

Up to the middle of the 18th century there were two main branches of engineering – civil and military. The former included all those branches of the constructive art not directly connected with military operations and the construction of fortifications, while military engineering concerned itself with the application of science and the utilization of building materials in the art of war.

But later there came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy. It led to the differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering, etc. Architecture, which up to the 18th century had been considered a branch of engineering had become a profession itself. The term “civil engineering” has therefore two distinct meanings. In the widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engineering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the present day more correct sense, civil engineering, includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining engineering. Here are some fields of civil engineering.

1. Housing, industrial, and agricultural construction.

2. Structural engineering which is the construction of all fixed structures with their foundations.

3. The construction of highways and city streets and pavements.

4. The construction of railroads.

5. The construction of harbours and canals.

6. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams and power plants.

 

Выучите слова.

 

designing – проектирование (конструирование)

engineering - техника

structural engineering – проектирование и расчет зданий и сооружений

civil engineering - гражданское строительство

mechanical engineering- машиностроение

electrical engineering - элекротехника

nuclear engineering – ядерная техника

mining engineering – горная техника

military engineering – военно-инженерное дело

marine engineering – судостроительная техника

sanitary engineering - санитарная техника

hydraulic engineering - гидротехника

branch of engineering – отрасль техники

construction – строительство, стройка

foundation - фундамент

housing construction – жилищное строительство

industrial construction – промышленное строительство

agricultural construction – сельское строительство

the former – первый из перечисленных

 

Задание 1. Прочитайте текст еще раз, отыскивая ответы на следующие вопросы.

1. What does the word engineering mean? 2. Is this word now applied in a more extended sense? 3. Is engineering divided into many branches? 4. What are the most important branches of engineering? 5. Is the profession of civil engineer old? 6. What branches of engineering were there in the 18th century? 7. What does civil engineering include now?

 

 

Text B. Fundamentals of Construction Work.

 

 

Construction work consists of different construction processes. In any construction process various building materials, tools and equipment are used. In construction processes workers make use of manual and mechanized tools and of building machines. As to complexity of production, construction processes are divided into simple and complex processes. A simple process includes operations performed by one and the same team of workers, for example, the mounting of big blocks. A complex process consists of si­multaneously performed different working processes which are connected and directed to turning out the common fi­nal product. An example of the complex process is the mounting of various structural members of the framework: posts, girders, brickwork as well as transportation of materials etc.

Задание 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на формы герундия.

1. Designing new school is given much attention to. 2. Executing some structural operations takes much time and labour. 3. Using new structural machinery cuts the time of building. 4. Dividing civil engineering into many fields makes clear its vast extent. 5. Experimenting is the scientific method. 6. Water may be changed into ice by freezing. 7. Many new materials are widely used in building. 8. The students know of their teacher’s having graduated from that Institute. 9. He was glad of his having been admitted to the Institute. 10. We heard of our student’s having gone to the International Festival.

 

Unit 2

 



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