...there are coins4 twelve feet5 in diameter and so heavy that
it takes several men to carry one. These coins can be found on the
West Pacific islands. They are made of stone, with a hole in the
centre, and the natives still use them as a means of exchange.e
1 view [vju:l — 1) вид; 2) точка зрения
2 menu ['menjiu] — меню
8 mustard ['mAstad]—горчица
* coin [кэш] — монета
ft foot (pi. feet) —фут (мера длины)
• means of exchange —средства обмена
...the Indians of Central America were using rubber1 balls almost
1000 years ago. They carried them along everywhere and between
their battles and voyages of discovery they played games with rubber
balls. The Indians collected their rubber from a tree, which they
called the weeping2 tree, because it wept tears of raw 3 rubber when
it was cut. The first sample4 of this rubber materials arrived in
Europe in 1738. It was brought here by a French explorer named
Charles de la Condamine.
|
UNDER, BELOW
"No hitting below
the belt,6 please."
The whole of the landscape6 (the forest, the hills, the buildings)
is below the helicopter, but only a small portion' of it (a truck
and the people near it) is under the helicopter.
|
1 rubber —резина
2 to weep (wept, wept)—
плакать
3 raw [гз:] — сырой
4 sample ['sampl] — образец
5 to hit (hit, hit) below the
belt — спорт, термин, на-
нести удар ниже пояса
6 landscape [ laenskeip]—пей-
заж
' portion I'porjan] — часть
|
|
|
under a tree
under his feet
under the window
|
below sea-level г
below the mountain
below the line
REMEMBER:
Under shows position, vertically lower than something else.
Below means lower but not in a vertical direction.
Exercises
I. State2 in one word the position of the things or people in each picture:
1 sea-level ['levl] — уровень моря
2 to state —указывать
| Below or under? |
II. Fill in the blanks with below or under.
1. Don't stand... the crane,1 it's dangerous. 2. The dogs helped
to find the people buried... the snow. 3. But the teeth of the
fox did their part,2 and soon the large bird fell down dead upon
the rocks.... 4. Shall I also write the post-office number...
the address? 5. It was good to sleep... a roof again, but they
were up early in the morning, ready to start work. 6. Unless
you travel to the equator you will never see this star, as it is
1 crane —подъемный кран
8 did their part — сделали свое дело
always... the horizon. 7. The Caspian Sea is more than 28 metres
... the level of the oceans. 8. They stood on deck... the tent
admiring the banks. 9. In the cellar1... the ruins they suddenly
heard a soft 4meaou\ 10. The bodies of seals2 do not give off
much heat because they have a thick layer of fat3... their
skins. 11. Hang the picture... the map.
III. Complete the following word combinations with below or under. Then use
these combinations in sentences of your own.
1) to lie... the tree; 2) to be... sea-level; 3) to hide... the
umbrella; 4) to see a river far...; 5) to swim... the water;
6) to find grass... fresh snow; 7) to see clouds...; 8) to hide
oneself... a table; 9) to write... the line; 10) to have a spot
right... the left eye; 11) to carry... the arm; 12) to sit...
a tent; 13) to live one storey4....
IV. Make up stories about these pictures. The questions may help you to do it.
1. Where does Pif like to have a sleep?
2. Does his uncle allow him to sleep on the bedspread?6
3. Does he find a way out? Where does he sleep now?
4. Is he having a quiet6 sleep? Why not?
1. Which man attracts7 everybody's attention? (broad-brimmed
hat—широкополая шляпа)
1 cellar ['seta] — погреб, подвал
2 seal—тюлень
3 thick layer [fleia] of fat —толстый слой жира
4 storey ['sto:n]—этаж
5 bedspread ['bedspred]—постельное покрывало
6 quiet ['kwaiat]—тихий, спокойный
7 to attract [a'trsekt] —привлекать
2. Why do people smile when they look at the man?
3. Why did everyone wish to be near the man when it started
raining?
|
V. Read the jokes and retell them in indirect speech.
A soldier got on the bus with a bomb under his arm, sat down
and calmly put it on his lap.
"What's that you're holding?" asked the conductor. "It's an
unexploded bomb. I got the order to take it out of town," was
the answer.
"You idiot," said the worried conductor. "You don't want a
thing like that on your lap —put it under your seat."
* * *
"1 spent 8 hours over my history book last night."
"Eight hours!"
"Yes, I left it under my bed when I went to sleep."
|
IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW
THA T
...the water spider takes its own air
with it under the surface of water.
ABOVE, OVER
You can never be too careful holding
an umbrella over your head.
|
There are three lamps
above the table but only
one is just over it.
|
When reaching the Himalayas
one can see great peaks1 above
the mountains.
|
The spaceship2 with a cosmonaut on
board is right over our country.
The mother is holding the umbrella
over her daughter to protect3 her from
the sun.
1 peak —пик, вершина
2 spaceship — космический корабль
3 to protect [pra'tekt] —защищать
REMEMBER;
Above means higher than somebody or something, oppos.— below»
Over means vertically higher, oppos. — under.
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks with above or over,
1. Heavy clouds were hanging... the mountains but there was
no rain. 2. The airplane was flying right... the river. 3. Indians
usually hang fish and meat... a fire to smoke. 4. Teachers'
room is somewhere... us on the third or fourth floor, if I'm
not mistaken. 5. A big bird was slowly flying... the pines,*
6. Stars glittered2... our heads. 7. Mount Kazbek is 5047
metres... sea-level. 8. Storeys are built one... another.
9. He picked up her three bags and put them on the rack3...
her head. 10. Though clouds pass... the Sahara Desert4 and
raindrops really do fall from them, they never reach the ground,
as the heat turns them into vapour.6 11. Soviet scientists are plan-
ning to build a manned observatory6 in space... the atmosphere.
12. The dog's head appeared... the water again. 13. At that
moment he looked up and saw a squirrel sitting on the branch
... them.
II. Answer the question, using above, over, below or under.
|
|
Where are the things?
|
|
balcony ['baelkani]—балкон
signboard ['sainba:d] —вывеска
entrance I'entrans] — вход
1 pine —сосна
2 to glitter —сверкать
3 rack — полка для багажа
* the Sahara Dessert [sa'hara 'dezat]—пустыня Сахара
6 vapour ['veipsj-^nap
6 manned observatory [ab'zavatn]—искусственная лаборатория
HI. Read the following stories and fill in the blanks with above, over, Mow or
under.
PAVLOV AT CAMBRIDGE
The 19th of July 1912 was a great holiday at Cambridge Uni-
versity in Great Britain. Thousands of people came to see foreign
scientists receive their diplomas. The thing is that the University
of Cambridge, one of the oldest in the world, honours1 the great
scientists of all countries by giving them the honorary degree2 of
doctor. Among those who were to receive their diplomas on that
day was Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov, the great Russian physiologist.
The ceremony took place in a big hall. Those who were to
receive the honorary degree took their places in alphabetical or-
der3 and the procession moved slowly towards the Chancellor4 who
gave the scientists their diplomas one by one. The students
watched the ceremony from the gallery.
Now it was Pavlov's turn. As he was moving... the gallery
the students let down a toy dog right into his arms. (The dog, as
you know, played a very important part in all Pavlov's experi-
ments on the activity of the higher nervous system. 5) Pavlov
looked up, saw all the young smiling faces... him and immedi-
ately understood what they meant. He knew that when Charles
Darwin was getting his doctor's degree at Cambridge, the students
of that time gave him a toy monkey.6 That was how they showed
that they supported7 his theory of the origin 8 of man. Now Pav-
lov was being honoured in the same way.
That was one of the happiest moments of his life.
THE SWORD OF DAMOCLES
There is an old story about a Greek courtier9 called Damo-
cles10. He thought he would be much happier if he could be
1 to honour ['опэ] — чествовать, удостаивать чести
2 honorary degree ['эпэгэп di'grir]—почетная степень
3 in alphabetical order [,ээ1Ь'Ье^кэГэф] —в алфавитном порядке
4 the Chancellor ['tfaensebj— зд. председатель
6 the activity of the higher nervous system —деятельность высшей нервной
системы
* toy monkey ['mAijki] — игрушечная обезьяна
7 to support —поддерживать
8 origin ['origin]—происхождение
8 courtier fkatja]—придворный
10 Damocles fdaemaklfcz]—Дамокл (по древнегрШскому. преданию приближен-
ный сиракузского тирана Дионисия, жившего в 4 в. до н. s.)
Dionysius the King, whom he envied1 very much. Now Dionysius
heard of this and told his servants to give Damocles the King's
place in the banqueting hall. Accordingly Damocles sat in the -
King's place and was treated2 in every way as if he were the
King himself.
All went happily until Damocles looked upwards. There...
his head he saw a sharp sword3, held only by a single hair. Any
slight mischance4 might cause5 the hair to break, when the sword
would fall and kill him who sat... it. Damocles got no more
pleasure out of the feast ef and never again did he want to take
the place of a king.
Now the expression "The Sword of Damocles" is used to mean
imminent danger. l
IV. Look at the pictures and say what ways there are of getting protection
from the rain. Use the words above, over, below or under.
basket ['bctskitl — корзина pilot fpaibt] — пилот
balloon 1Ьэ'1и:п] — шар to protect oneself — защищаться
to turn upside down — перевер-
нуться вверх дном
1 to envy ['envi] — завидовать
2 to treat—обращаться, обходиться
3 sword [so:d] — меч, кинжал
4 slight mischance [mis'tfcms]— малейшая оплошность
6 to cause [lo:z] — причинить, быть причиной
6 feast {fust]—праздник, пиршество
7 imminent danger ['immant 'demdja]— грозящая опасность
|
|
parachute ['paereJiKt] — парашют
parachutist ['p8er9j"u:tist[ — пара-
шютист
parachute landing—приземле-
ние на парашюте
flight [flait] — полет
flock [fbk] —стая (птиц)
circus artist ['sarkas 'atistj—
цирковой артист
top —верхний
from top to bottom—сверху до-
низу
TIME FOR FUN
Teacher: What do we see over our heads in fine weather?
Jimmy: The blue sky, sir.
Teacher: And when it rains?
Jimmy: An umbrella, sir.
IT IS INTERESTING TO KNOW THAT
... five or six centuries x ago houses in London did not have
numbers2 but signs3 to distinguish* them from each other. In giv-
1 century ['sentfanj — век
3 number—-номер
3 sign [sain] — знак, вывеска
* to distinguish [dis'tirjgwij]—отличатц различать
ing his address a man would say, "I live in Bedford Street. There
is a sign of two peacocks 1 over the entrance to my house. At night
you will see two lanterns2 over my balcony."
|
TO DRESS, TO PUT ON,
TO WEAR
"Now, look how you are dressed!
You've put it on wrongly again!"
In the morning when I was dressing, Mother came into my
room and said, "Put on two sweaters, Mike. It's very cold today."—
"Oh, no, Mother. I'd rather not.3 You know it's so warm in school.
I'll feel very hot if I wear two sweaters." "It's warm inside. But
it is very frosty and windy in the street. You'll catch a cold."—
"No, I'll put on my fur4 cap and my woollen scarf.5 Besides my
overcoat is very warm, you know."
I did as I said. But when I went out into the street it was
so cold that at first I regretted6 I hadn't put on two sweaters.
Then I remembered that the warmth7 of our body depends8 not
only on the things we wear but also on our "inner lining,"9 as
some people call it, that is on our moving around and on the
things we eat.
I started walking more quickly and soon felt warm and com-
fortable in my clothes.
REMEMBER:
To dress means to put on clothes.
To put on means to place clothes on any part of our body,
oppos. — take off.
To wear means to have on the body or about the person.
1 peacock ['рккэк] — павлин
2 iantern ['Isentanl —фонарь
3 I'd rather not — мне бы не хотелось
4 fur—меховой
6 wopllen scarf — шерстяной шарф
6 to regret—сожалеть
7 warmth [wa:m0]—тепло
8 to depend — зависеть
• "inner lining"—«внутренняя одежда»
Exercises
I. Look at the pictures and sayi
What are these people doing?
Model: The man is putting on a necktie.
necktie, overcoat, raincoat, gloves [glAvz], jacket, shoes, cap,
shirt, watch, belt, pioneer tie, galoshes, scarf, hat
How are they dressed?
Model: The girl is dressed like a flower.
clown Iklaunl—клоун; fox; butterfly I'bAtsflai] —бабочка;
knight [nait]—рыцарь; cosmonaut rkozmam;t]~-космонавт;
sailor; birch-tree ['Ьэ:#Ш:]—березка; Red Army man; Snow
Maid—Снегурочка; Father Frost — Дед-Мороз
|
What people wear these dresses?
Georgians ['dsoidsignzj—грузины Hindus ['hindu:z]— индусы
Ukrainians [ju:k'remi3nz] — ук- Mongols ['mongolzj — монголы
раинцы Scotchmen ['skat/man]— шот-
Uzbeks [uz'beks]— узбеки ландцы
Eskimoes ['eskimouz]—эскимосы Mexicans ['meksik9nzj—мекси-
Russians ['rAjnz]— русские канцы
Indians ['indisnz]— индейцы
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5-1
II. Fill in the blanks with to dress, to put on or to wear in the required form.
1. During the flight, Alexei Leonov... a space-suit, left the
spaceship and floatedx at a distance of 5 metres from the
spaceship. 2. The man we met was... a cotton shirt and trou-
sers. 3. It was pleasant to see her... in a national costume.
4. Why don't you... a hat? The sun is very strong. 5. When
spring comes she always... a flower in the button-hole2 of
her costume. 6. "What are you going to... at our fancy-dress
party?"—"I think, I'll... like a cosmonaut." 7. They asked
me how he was... but I could not recollect what he was...
that day. 8. Why aren't you... your rubber boots? The
country road is very muddy.3 9. Please help me to... the
children. 10. The mother... the child and told him to wait
for her in the yard. 11. She is so beautiful and she... well.
12. Don't... your overcoat, it's very warm outside. 13. "Is
she always... in white"—"Yes, she enjoys... white." 14. He
was still... when I came in. 15. She doesn't... glasses on
the stage.
III. Read the following funny story. Ask questions about the parts of the sen-
tences which have the words to dress, to put on, to wear. Make your
friends answer them.
There was a fire in the middle of the night at a country
house where there were a number of guests. They all ran outside
very quickly — they did not even wait to put on their clothes.
Dressed in blankets4 and overcoats they were standing watching
the flames5 when another guest joined them. "Why did you people
get so excited?" he asked. "Now look at me. When I heard the
alarm,e I got out of bed, lit a cigarette and quietly dressed
myself. In fact I was putting on my tie when I thought it was
not the best tie to wear with the shirt I had on. So I took it
off and put on another tie. So I didn't lose my head 7- at all.
I never get excited in a difficult or dangerous situation."
"That's good," said one of his friends, "but why didn't you
put on your trousers?"
1 to float — плыть
2 button-hole —петлит
3 muddy —грязный
4 blanket ['blaerjkit]—одеяло
6 flames —пламя
6 alarm [э'1а:т] —сигнал тревоги
7 to lose (lost, lost) one's head —терять самообладание
IV. Tell stories about these pictures, using the words to dress, to wear or to
put on. Below are the key words.
|
windy ['wmdi] weather — ветреная погода
to blow off I'blou'of] — сдувать
to feel cold — зябнуть
to feel fine — чувствовать себя прекрасно
|
hot — жарко
broad-brimmed ['brotdbrimd]— широкополый
summer cap—шляпа (от солнца)
to run into —наталкиваться
|
to remind [rfrnaind] — напоминать
useless ['ju:slis]—бесполезный
beard [biad]—борода
V. Translate these short dialogues into English.
— Зачем ты надеваешь свой новый костюм? Куда ты собира-
ешься идти?
— Пойду навестить Виктора. Он только что возвратился из
Свердловска.
* * *
— Ты что ходишь в свитере? На улице так тепло!
— Да, но утром было довольно прохладно (chilly). Поэтому
я надел его.
■Р Т Т
— Валя, почему ты не носишь свою новую косынку (kerchief)?
— Она не подходит (to match) по цвету к моему пальто.
— Зачем же ты купила ее?
— Я буду носить ее с жакетом, когда немного потеплеет.
* * *
— Что ты собираешься надеть в поход?
— Конечно, спортивный костюм (sports suit) и тапочки (sports
shoes).
— А на голову что наденешь?
— Соломенную (straw) шляпу.
VI. Answer the following questions. See the words below.J
1. How long does it take you to dress?
2. What kind of dress do you use for everyday wear?2
3. What do you put on when you go to the theatre (to a public
meeting, stadium, skating-rink, swimming-pool, workshop, on
a hike)?
4. When do you wear galoshes (a woollen dress, evening dress,
a sports suit, an apron, pyjamas)?
5. What do people usually wear in summer (in winter)?
6. Who wears a uniform?
7. Who sometimes wears clothes of protective colouring? a
When do they wear them?
8. Do you think people dress well nowadays?
9. Why don't people wear long clothes now?
10. Much depends not only on what we wear, but on how we
wear clothes, doesn't it? Prove4 it.
1 See also words in Ex. I, VI.
2 for everyday wtar—для каждого дня
3 protective colouring [prou'tektiv 'клЬгид]—защитная окраска
.* to prove [pru:v]—доказывать
| follow in wearing your dress — valenki—валенки high-heeled shoes — туфли на вы- соком каблуке fur cap — меховая шапка beret — берет scarf — шарф gloves — перчатки stockings —чулки socks — носки belt — пояс suit — мужской костюм costume—женский костюм |
11. Which principle1 do you
fashion2 or suitability?3-
jersey — шерстяной жакет
pall-over— пуловер
shorts — шорты
singlet—майка
blouse—кофта
frock —платье
skirt — юбка
galoshes — галоши
low shoes—полуботинки
boots—ботинки
slippers— комнатные туфли
sandals—босоножки
high boots—сапоги
VII. Solve the riddles.
1. It takes off a piece of its clothing each day, and by the
end of the year it has nothing left to wear.
2. It dresses other people, but goes naked4 itself. What is it?
TIME FOB FUN
"I hear your son is getting on?"5
"Rather!6 Two years ago he wore my old suits. Now I wear his."
* * *
"Are you Donald Vance?" he asked the young man beside the
cloak-room7.
"No," said the young man in surprise.
"Well, I am," was the reply, "and that is my overcoat you are
putting on."
* * *
"Why are you wearing my new raincoat?" Bill Thompson, a stu-
dent, asked his room-mate.8
"I thought you'd want me to wear it," said the other, "to protect
your new suit."
1 principle ['pnnsipl] — принцип
2 fashion ['faefn] — мода
3 suitability fsju:ta'biliti] — удобство
4 naked ['neikid] — обнаженный
ь to get on — зд. расти
6 Rather! — Еще бы!
7 cloak-room —гардероб, раздевалка
в room-mate —товарищ по комнате