Main branches of engineering




COMPONENTS OF THE AUTOMOBILE

 

Basically, the automobile consists of the three parts: the power plant, or the engine, the chassis and the body. To these may be added the accessories: the heater, lights, radio, speedometer and other devices.

The power plant or engine is the source of power that makes the wheels rotate and the car move. It includes electric, fuel, cooling and lubricating systems. Most automobile engines have si[ or eight cylinders.

The chassis consists of a power train, frame with axles, wheels and springs. The chassis includes brakes and steering system.

The power train carries the power from the engine to the car wheels and contains the clutch, gearbox, propellerorcardan shaft, differential and the final drive.

The clutch is a friction device connecting (or disconnecting) the engine crankshaft to the gears in the gearbox. It is used for freeing the gearbox from the engine and is controlled by the clutch pedal.

Brakes are important mechanisms of the car. They are used to slow or to stop the car. Most braking systems in use today are hydraulic. They are operated by the brake pedal. When the driver pushes down on the brake pedal they are applied and the car stops.

VocabularyNotes

1. power plant – силовое оборудование

2. chassis – шасси

3. lubricating system – смазочная система

4. powertrain – трансмисия (силовая передача)

5. frame – рама

6. steering system – система рулевого управления

7. brakes – тормоза

8. axle – ось

9. body – кузов

10. springs – рессоры

11. clutch pedal – педаль сцепления

12. gears – шестерня

13. gearbox – коробка передач

14. propeller shaft – карданный вал

15. final drive – главная передача

16. differential – диференциальный механизм

17. friction device – фрикционное устройство

 

Exercise 6. Finish the sentences with a suitable word.

1. The mechanism used for stopping the car is …

a) clutch

b) gearbox

c) brakes

2. The mechanism used for changing the speed is …

a) clutch

b) gearbox

c) brakes

3. The mechanism used for connecting (or disconnecting) the engine from the gearbox is …

a) brakes

b) clutch

c) steering system

4. The unit carrying the power from the engine to the car wheels is …

a) power plant

b) power train

c) chassis

5. The instrument measuring the speed of the car is …

a) heater

b) lights

c) speedometer

 

Exercise 7. Choose the correct answer to the following questions.

1. What are the main bacis parts of the automobile? a) The clutch, gearbox, cardean shaft and the final drive.
2. What does the chassis consist of? b) Freeing the engine from the gearbox.
3. What units does the power train contain? c) The power plant, the chassis and the body.
4. What is the friction of the clutch? d) A power train, frame with axles, wheels and springs.
5. Why are brakes needed? e) To slow or stop the car.

Unit2.Engineering.

Задание1. Сопоставьте следующие английские слова с их русскими эквивалентами.

 

1.todevisea)рычаг

2.pulleyb)хитроумное изобретение

3.leverc)окончательно

4.consistentwithd)летательный аппарат

5.toderivee)поэтому, следовательно

6.contraptionf) сортирование, классификация

7.ultimatelyg)тщательно обдумывать

8.henceh)проточная система

9.tomaturej)товар, продукт для продажи

10.aircraftk)очистка сточных вод

11.commodityl)бобина, катушка

12.separationm)известность

13.flowsystemn)разрабатывать, продумывать

14.watertreatmento)получать, извлекать

15.prominencep)совместимый c

 

Задание 2. Прочтитеипереведитетекст.

 

The concept of engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the pulley, lever, and wheel. Each of these inventions is consistent with the modern definition of engineering, exploiting basic mechanical principles to develop useful tools and objects.The term engineering itself has a much more recent etymology, deriving from the word engineer, which itself dates back to 1325, when an engineer originally referred to “a constructor of military engines.” In this context, an “engine” referred to a military machine, i. e., a mechanical contraption used in war (for example, a catapult). The word “engine” itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin „ingenium”, and meaning “innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention.” Later, as the design of civilian structures such as bridges and buildings matured as a technical discipline, the term civil engineering entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline of military engineering.

Main branches of engineering

Historically the main branches of engineering are categorized as follows:

Aerospace Engineering - The design of aircraft, spacecraft and related topics.

Chemical Engineering - The conversion of raw materials into usable commodities and the optimization of flow systems, especially separations.

Civil Engineering - The design and construction of public and private works, such as infrastructure (roads, railways, water supply and treatment etc.), bridges and buildings.

Electrical Engineering - The design of electrical systems, such as transformers, as well as electronic goods.

Mechanical Engineering - The design of physical or mechanical systems, such as engines, powertrains, kinematic chains and vibration isolation equipment.

With the rapid advancement of Technology many new fields are gaining prominence and new branches are developing such as Computer Engineering, Software Engineering, Nanotechnology, Molecular engineering, Mechatronics etc. These new specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches such as Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics and Electrical and Computer Engineering.

Задание3. Вставьте подходящий по смыслу глагол.

 

to distinguish, entered, to combine, to exist, todate back, to use.

1. We cannot______________ without oxygen.

2. If something ______________to a particular time, it started or was made at that time.

3. They _______________10 tons of coal a month.

4. I could hardly distinguish anything in the morningmist.

5. Einstein __________________school at the age of six.

6. The members decided to combine the tennis club with the cricket club, forming one sports club.

 

Задание4. Дайтеверноеопределение.

Mechanical Engineering a) design of aircraft, spacecraft and related topics

Civil Engineering b) dealing with the design, construction, and use of machines

Aerospace Engineeringc)the planning, design, and building of roads,bridges, harbours, and public buildings.

Electrical Engineeringd)making or working with things that are sosmallthat they can only be seen using a powerful microscope.

Chemical Engineeringe) designing, constructing, and maintenanceofelectrical device

Nanotechnologyf) concerned with the design and operationofindustrial chemical plants

 

Задание 5. Составте аннотации к следующим текстам.

Engineers

Engineers use their knowledge of science, mathematics, and appropriate experience to find suitable solutions to a problem. Engineering is considered a branch of applied mathematics and science. Creating an appropriate mathematical model of a problem allows them to analyze it (sometimes definitively), and to test potential solutions. Usually multiple reasonable solutions exist, soengineers must evaluate the different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best meets their requirements.Engineers typically attempt to predict how well their designs will perform to their specifications prior to full-scale production. They use, among other things: prototypes, scale models, simulations, destructive tests, nondestructive tests, and stress tests. Testing ensures that products will perform as expected. Engineers as professionals take seriously their responsibility to produce designs that will perform as expected and will not cause unintended harm to the public at large. Engineers typically include a factor of safety in their designs to reduce the risk of unexpected failure. However, the greater the safety factor, the less efficient the design may be. The study of failed products is known as forensic engineering, and can help the product designer in evaluating his or her design in the light of real conditions. The discipline is of greatest value after disasters, such as bridge collapses, when careful analysis is needed to establish the cause or causes of the failure.

Reliability

Reliability is a basic requirement of any instrument, plant or machine. The most ingenious machine is nothing but useless unless it is reliable. At present the main defect in any machine is the different service life of its parts. The first to break down are parts with friction, the most numerous in any machine. Until quite recently scientists differed in their explanations of why parts subject to friction break.

At present scientists at the Blagonravov Institute for the study of machines are engaged in research into frictionand wear-and-tear resistance. The results of their comprehensive research will extend the useful life of units with friction by thirty to fifty percent as compared with what we have now. Sufficient reliability and long service life of highly complicated automatic complexes, spaceships and assembly lines can be ensured by the high quality of their components, their accurate assembly and continuous checking while in operation, as well as by detecting faults as soon as they appear. This means that instruments are necessary for checking metal billets; all kinds of test installations and multiple switching control devices by which temperature, pressure and density in any part of a system may be inspected a number of times over a period of only one second. We need diagnostic systems and many different types of flow detections and sensors because, as is known, reliability is the key which opens the way to large-scale automation.



Поделиться:




Поиск по сайту

©2015-2024 poisk-ru.ru
Все права принадлежать их авторам. Данный сайт не претендует на авторства, а предоставляет бесплатное использование.
Дата создания страницы: 2017-12-12 Нарушение авторских прав и Нарушение персональных данных


Поиск по сайту: