Упр. 1. К какой части речи принадлежат следующие слова и по каким признакам это можно определить?
Sleepy, photographer, forgetful, argument, thankful, carelessness, classify, modernize, coolness, lifeless, tasteful, formality, speculate, payable, slowness, thoughtfully, federative, entrance, appearance.
Упр. 2. К какой части речи принадлежат следующие слова, и по каким признакам это можно определить?
Correctness, specialize, formality, speculate, monotonous, boyish, brilliance, mysterious, fasten, ceremonious, attendance, instructive, speechless, really, business, incorrect, unfruitful, illness, ninth, television, re-enter, unusual.
Упр. 3. Проанализируйте слова, данные «семьями», и подберите необходимое слово в пропуски.
include, including, included, inclusion, inclusive
1. We were seven … Dan and Patsy.
2. Everyone must follow these rules, you ….
3. Megan’s … in the project helped a lot.
4. Did you … the flight expenses?
5. Our seats are 2-7 ….
Упр. 4. Выберите нужную форму и заполните пропуски.
Travel — travelled, have travelled, will travel, traveler, travelling
- We like … to the southern countries.
- We … to the USA.
- Columbus is a famous ….
- Next summer we … to Bulgaria.
Perform, performing, performer, performance
- It was a wonderful …!
- I never saw Ann … in this play.
- The actors … a wonderful play.
- Mark is a brilliant ….
Adventure (s), adventurous
- We had many … in our trip to Moscow.
- He is a very … person.
Exciting, excitement, excited
- The film was very ….
- We are very … by our future trip.
- I got great … from this film.
Упр. 5. Образуйте с помощью суффиксов и приставок нужные слова и вставьте в пропуски
- Strong — 1. I … recommend you to come. 2. He showed me his …3. I become … every day.
- Fortune — 1. I was … this day. 2. …, we missed the train.
- Attract — 1. She was a very … girl. 2. The place was dirty and …3. I like this popular ….
- Child — 1. I was unhappy in my …. 2. Many … play in the ground. 3. She was very ….
- Act — 1. Reading is an … 3. Many … were taken to improve the situation. 4. She is a great …. 5. Children were … at the lesson. 6. She was lazy and ….
- Participate — 1. We are … of the competitions. 2. … in this concert made me famous.
- Athlete — 1. I like …. 2. He is very … strong.
Задания на образование разных частей речи (развитие навыков словообразования)
Упр. 1. Измените слово в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало предложению.
1. Herald Tribune has got a lot of (read).
2. Jim was (help), no one could help him.
3. Ron had a very (pleasant) talk with Mr. Willson, he looked very sad.
4. BBC and CNN work (professional).
5. Comics is a (fun) reading.
6. The flower smells (wonder).
7. I do grammar exercises (regular).
8. Columbus was a great (travel).
Упр. 2. Измените слово в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало предложению.
1.(Fortunate) he lost all his money.
2. I stay away from (cruelty) people.
3. I feel (depress) when I am very busy.
4. John is a drug (addiction). He has had this (addict) for several years.
5. Sandra has never felt such (humiliate).
6. What a (fail)! Evidently our team is losing the game.
7. What room (serve) can you offer?
8. It’s often said in newspapers that all people are (equality).
9. I’m talking (serious), stop laughing now!
10. What a wonderful (image) Jane has got! Her story is really beautiful and touching.
11. I’m sorry for (interrupt), but I must deliver this important information.
12. This program is really (entertain).
13. Did he (threat) you? — Oh, no. He just warned me.
14. It was an (forget) concert. The music was live, we enjoyed it a lot.
Упр. 3. Измените слово в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало предложению.
1. The kids played (cheer) in the yard.
2. It’s the first time I have been to London, I am a (strange) here.
3. He tried to (concentration), but in vain, the headache was splitting.
4. The Hermitage is a real (treasure) of Russian art.
5. The (quiet) of the house was very unusual, so they decided to enter. At the (enter) they were stopped by an old man.
6. It’s a strange (feel) as if I have been there before.
7. It’s a little (peace) village situated far from the city.
8. Matilda had never had the feeling of (lonely), how could she be lonely if she had lots of books around her.
9. I like Christmas (cheerful).
10. The baby was sleeping (peace) in his crib.
11. Amanda has never spoken a word of (wise), I have never seen such a stupid girl.
Упр. 4. Измените слово в скобках так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало предложению.
1. People have made a lot of (discover).
2. Ron is (skill), he can’t do anything.
3. Edwards is a famous (production).
4. Space (explorer) is very important for any country.
5. Americans were the first to (flight) to the Moon.
6. Mary has a very good (memorable), she can learn any poem in 5 minutes.
7. (whole), I understand the topic rather well.
8. (Create) of a spaceship is a very difficult process.
9. We had a very long (argue) about the terms of the experiment.
10. Alice has a deep (know) of Chemistry.
11. The tool was (use) for us, you needn’t have brought it.
12. How did you (achievement) such results?
13. Japan is a (lead) country in developing new technologies.
Exercises
- Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса – er или - or. Переведите на русский язык.
To act, to conduct, to compose, to direct, to drive, to fight, to found, to invent, to lead, to mine, to read, to report, to speak, to teach.
- Образуйте от данных слов существительные при помощи суффиксов - ist, -ism, -ian. Переведите на русский язык.
Art, social, type, capital, music, international, piano, electric, Canada, Russia.
- Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффикса – ment. Переведите на русский язык.
To improve, to measure, to disappoint, to pave, to announce, to agree, to state, to govern, to require, to arrange, to move, to develop, to achieve.
- Образуйте от данных глаголов существительные с помощью суффиксов – ion, -ation, -sion, -ssion, -tion. Переведите на русский язык.
To collect, to combine, to connect, to dictate, to include, to introduce, to produce, to restrict, to submit.
- Образуйте от данных прилагательных существительные с помощью суффикса – ness. Переведите на русский язык.
Bitter, absolute, damp, cold, dark, kind, happy, weak.
Суффиксы прилагательных
| Суффикс | Значение | Примеры |
| -able | а) возможность осуществления; б) обладание некоторым качест-вом | to change – changeable to comfort -comfortable |
| -al | подобие, сходство, обладание некоторым сходством | addition - additional |
| -an, -ian -ean | принадлежность к какой-нибудь народности, родовому клану; идеологическому течению, науч-ной школе и т. п | Arab - Arabian |
| -ant, -ent | cоответствующие существитель-ные имеют суффиксы –ant и -ent | importance – important difference - different |
| -ar | обладание чем-то, сходство с чем-то | circle - circular |
| -ary -ery | качество | diet - dietary |
| -en | сделанный из чего-либо | wood - wooden |
| -er | сравнительная степень прилага-тельных | big - bigger |
| -ern | прилагательные, образованные от названий сторон света | east - eastern |
| -ese | национальность или язык | China – Chinese |
| -est | превосходная степень прилага-тельных | tall – the tallest |
| -ic, | состав, структура чего-либо, отношение к чему-либо | drama - dramatic |
| -ish | а) национальная принадлежность; б) слабая степень качества (соответствует русским суффиксам –оват, еват) | Scotland – Scottish red - reddish |
| -ive | относящийся к, принадлежащий, связанный с | nature - native |
| -ful | наличие качества | beauty - beautiful |
| -less | отсутствие качества | hope - hopeless |
| -ous | обладающий данным свойством, признаком, характеристикой в значительной степени | danger - dangerous |
| -y | качество | stone - stony |
Exercises
1. Образуйте от данных существительных прилагательные при помощи суффиксов – ful и - less. Переведите их на русский язык.
Aim, care, beauty, hope, doubt, fruit, use, power, thank, harm, colour.
2. Образуйте от данных глаголов прилагательные при помощи суффиксов – able и - ible. Переведите их на русский язык.
To change, to eat, to compare, to convert, to profit, to read, to comfort, to respect, to expect.
3. Образуйте от данных существительных прилагательные при помощи суффикса – al. Переведите на русский язык.
Centre, culture, form, intellect, post, accident, comic.
4. Образуйте от данных существительных прилагательные при помощи суффикса – y. Переведите на русский язык.
Cloud, dirt, fog, frost, rain, sun, thirst, wind.
Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами – прилагательными.
6.
| All my classmates say that I’m (1)________. I enjoy wearing (2)________ clothes. I like to look smart and (3)________. We can’t go through life with the same hairstyle or make-up. It’s very (4)_________ to follow fashion. I hate when people dress alike, because they buy clothes in “chain” stores. I prefer hand-made or design clothes. My classmates say that I’m (5)________, but it’s not a sin, is it? Sometimes I turn up in something really (6)_________. When you are up with fashion you feel you are individual. | TREND STYLE ATTRACT IMPORTANCE MATERIALIST EXTRAVAGANCE |
Key: 1 trendy, 2 stylish, 3 attractive, 4 important, 5 materialistic, 6 extravagant.
7.
| For (1)_________ people, the ‘Far East” is the broad coast along the Pacific Ocean, facing Alaska in the far north and Japan in the sub-tropical south, and including the large island of Sakhalin. Inland lie forests, mountains, lakes, rivers and marshes known as Siberia. Siberia is usually divided into Western and Eastern, the former is (2)________ and low-lying and rich in oil, the latter is (3)________and rich in minerals, gold and diamonds. The twenty million people who live in this region are mostly Russians and Ukrainians by origin. Besides there live other people. They all call themselves (4)_______ and speak of Russia as beginning west of the Urals. | RUSSIA MARSH MOUNTAIN SIBERIA |
KEY: 1 Russian, 2 marshy, 3 mountainous, 4 Siberians.
8.
| Water pollution is a serious (1)________ problem today. “Water, water everywhere, not any drop to drink,” said the sailor from Coleridge’s poem describing to a friend how awful it was to be without drinking water on a ship in the middle of the ocean. It is strange to think that the water around his ship was probably quite safe to drink. It was (2)________ - but not polluted. The sea waters today are much more (3)_________. Many seas are used for dumping (4)________ and nuclear waste. | ECOLOGY SALT DANGER INDUSTRY |
Key: 1 ecological, 2 salty, 3 dangerous, 4 industrial.
9.
| The United States is a large country with many (1)__________ natural wonders. It goes from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to the islands of Hawaii in the Pacific, and from cold, snowy (2)__________ Alaska to (3)_________ Florida in the southeast. Also, it has many kinds of land – (4)________ coasts, dry empty deserts, (5)__________ rivers, wide plains and grasslands, lakes of all sizes, high mountains, great forests, sunny beaches and lands of (6)__________ winter. More than 250 million people live in the US. But the country is very big, so there is still a lot of open space and (7)_______ scenery outside the cities. Americans have tried to save many of the most (8)__________ wild areas of the United States. There are a lot of parks, forests and wildlands where you can enjoy the beauty and power of wild America. The Grand Canyon, Yosemite Valley, and Yellow-stone are among the most (9)________. | DIFFER NORTH SUN ROCK POWER END NATURE BEAUTY FAME |
KEY: 1 different, 2 northern, 3 sunny, 4 rocky, 5 powerful, 6 endless, 7 natural, 8 beautiful, 9 famous.
10. Переведите следующие слова, выделите в них суффиксы и префиксы. Назовите часть речи.
Brotherhood, helpless, boredom, unequal, drinkable, golden, leader, Japanese, secondary, anti-fascist, similar, peacemaker, surgery, furniture, comical, convenient, acceptable, achievement, anonymous, academician, Georgian, disarmament, witty, hysterical, Buddhism, co-existence, scientific, materialist, radiant, rootless, international, measurement, underground, creature, dirty, agrarian, absoluteness, yellowy, inventor, technical, various, tactless, comradeship, creature, reddish.
Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами – существительными и прилагательными.
11.
| Alan Alexander Milne, the youngest of the family’s three sons, went to Westminster School at the age of 11 and then went on to Cambridge to become a (1)__________. But he never did. Instead he became (2)_________ of the university journal “Granta” in which he published some of his light (3)_________ poems. Then he went to London hoping to earn his living as a (4)_______. By and by London magazines began to publish his (5)________ works, and in 1905 he published his first book, a shilling paper-back (6)_________ of humorous essays. Aged only 24 he was given a post of (7)________ editor of the (8)__________ magazine “Punch”. | MATHEMATICS EDIT HUMOUR WRITE WIT COLLECT ASSIST FAME |
Key: 1 mathematician, 2 editor, 3 humorous, 4 writer, 5 witty, 6 collection, 7 assistant, 8 famous.
12.
| The Olympic Games are an (1)___________ sports festival that began in ancient Greece. The (2)_________ Greek games took place every fourth year for several hundred years, until they were brought to an end in the early (3)__________ era. The Olympic games were renewed in 1896, and since then they have been staged every fourth years, except during World War I and World War II. Perhaps the main (4)_________ between ancient and modern Olympics is that for the ancient Greeks the Games were a way of saluting their gods, when the modern Games are a manner of saluting the (5)________ talents of people of all nation. The original Olympics included (6)__________ in music, oratory, and theatre (7)_________ as well. The modern Games haven’t got them, but they represent a lot more sports than before. For two weeks and a half any international conflicts must be stopped and replaced with friendly competitions. This is the noble idea on which the modern Olympic (8)________ is based. | NATION ORIGIN CHRIST DIFFER ATHLETE COMPETE PERFORM MOVE |
Key: 1 international, 2 original, 3 Christian, 4 difference, 5 athletic, 6 competitions, 7 performances, 8 movement.
13.
| The people of the United States are a (1)________ of many (2)________. Every American schoolchild learns that the United States is the big “melting pot” of countries. In a melting pot (3)________ metals are melted together to make a new metal. The United States is like a melting pot for people. In the past, people from many different (4)_________ countries came to the US and made one country out of many. These different people brought to their new land a (5)________ mixture of customs and traditions. The Germans brought Christmas trees, the Irish brought St. Patrick’s Day (6)__________, the Scots brought Hallowe’en. | MIX NATION DIFFER EUROPE WONDER CELEBRATE |
Key: 1 mixture, 2 nationalities, 3 different, 4 European, 5 wonderful, 6 celebrations.
14.
| Isn’t it (1)_________ to discover new places? Travel has always been a part of people’s (2)__________. It teaches people about art and culture. It teachers them to be understanding. You can also improve your knowledge of foreign languages. What is more, (3)________ is the basis of the biggest (4)________ in the world. Tourists spend a lot of money. Rich countries can sell cars and computers. But what can poor countries sell? Their (5)________ beaches and their wonderful countryside. | WONDER EDUCATE TOUR BUSY BEAUTY |
Key: 1 wonderful, 2 education,3 tourism, 4 business, 5 beautiful.
15.
| There are amateur cricket clubs all over England, but there is a big (1)_________ between the amateur and the (2)_________ cricketer. The amateur cannot get money for the game. The professional (3)_________ is in a much (4)__________ class. He has to learn many kinds of skills. He has to be an athlete, to run fast and jump and turn like a gymnast. He must be (5)___________, and must not let other (6)_____________ be (7)__________ with him. | DIFFER PROFESSION CRICKET HIGH PATIENCE PLAY HONEST |
Key: 1 difference, 2 professional, 3 cricketer, 4 higher, 5 patient, 6 players, 7 dishonest.
16.
| This museum is the world’s (1)_______ museum of (2)_________ arts. It houses many of the world’s (3)_________ treasures. Here you’ll find the national collection of (4)_________, furniture, music instruments, textiles and dress, ceramics and glass, silver and (5)_________ from European and non-western countries.________ | FINE DECORATE GREAT SCULPT JEWEL |
Key: 1 finest, 2 decorative, 3 greatest, 4 sculpture, 5 jewellery.
17.
| Action films? What a bore! Criminals, shooting, (1)________. Nothing else. I agree that such films have the right to exist. They have some positive features. They are dynamic, (2)________ and full of special effects. But they are (3)_________. I can’t believe one man can win over the Mafia. Some people watch (4)_________ to cool off and such films are good for them. But other people can get sick and (5)________ especially teenagers. There are (6)_________ ways to cool off, I think. | EXPLOSIVE DRAMA REAL VIOLENT NERVE GOOD |
Key: 1 explosions, 2 dramatic, 3 unrealistic, 4 violence, 5 nervous, 6 better.
Суффиксы глаголов
Глагол несет значение соответствующего прилагательного или существительного, на основе которого он сформирован.
| Суффикс | Значение | Примеры |
| -ate | делать, осуществлять | active - activate |
| -en | действие, придающее качество, выраженное в основе глагола | sharp – to sharpen |
| -fy, -ify | делать, осуществлять, превращать | simple - simplify |
| -ize(AE) -ise(BE) | вести себя подобно, проводить ту или иную политику или производить действие | private - privatize |
Exercises
1. Образуйте от данных прилагательных глаголы, используя суффикс – en. Переведите на русский язык.
Black, sharp, short, red, soft, deep, dark, bright, weak white, sweet, wide.
2. Образуйте от данных прилагательных глаголы, используя суффикс – fy. Переведите на русский язык.
Simple, pure, beauty, solid, identic(al), false intense.
3. Образуйте от данных существительных глаголы, используя суффикс – ize(ise). Переведите на русский язык.
Character, crystal, sympathy, agony, apology.
Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами – глаголами.
4.
| Like many modern developed countries, The United Kingdom has a mixed economy. This means that some sectors of economy are operated by the government and some are operated by private business. Since World War II, Britain has worked to (1)_________ the mix of private and public enterprises in order to (2)_________ the country’s economy and (3)_________ the economic well-being of its citizens. After World War II the government (4)__________, or took over, a number of large and troubled industries. These included coal, electricity, transport, gas, oil, steel, car and truck manufacturing, shipbuilding and aircraft building. Since the 1950s, the government has (5)________ a number of these industries, selling them to private firms. | EQUAL MAXIMUM SURE NATION PRIVATE |
Key: 1 equalize, 2 maximize, 3 ensure, 4 nationalized, 5 privatized.
Суффиксы наречий
| Суффикс | Значение | Примеры |
| -ly | наречие с тем же качеством, что и слово, от которого оно образовано | bad - badly |
| -wards -ward | направление или направленность | after – afterwards home - homeward |
Exercises
1. Образуйте наречия при помощи суффикса – ly и переведите их.
Silent, wide, cruel, happy, rapid, quick, part, first, extreme.
Суффиксы числительных
| Суффикс | Значение | Примеры |
| -teen | числительные от 13 до 19 | six - sixteen |
| -ty | десятки | six- sixty |
| -th | порядковые числительные | six- sixth |
Exercises
1. Напишите противоположное по значению слово, используя префиксы. Можно пользоваться словарем.
Appear, kind, join, equal, normal, credible, friendly, employed, trust, cover, known, use, important, honest, professional, safe, fair, pleased, emotional, pack, correct, agree, possible, regular, understand, definite, legal, like, advice.
2. Выделите словообразующие элементы, исходное слово, определите, к какой части речи относятся данные слова. Переведите на русский язык.
Weakly – weakness – to weaken, bitterly – bitterness, unhappy - happily – happiness, suddenly – suddenness, equally – unequal – equality, to enrich – enrichment, patiently – impatient – patience, irresponsible – responsibility, unstable – stability – to stabilize – stabilization, harmful – harmless – harmlessness, glorious – inglorious –to glorify, to discontinue – continuation – continual – continually, relation – relative – relatively, attractive – unattractive – attraction.
Прочитайте приведенные ниже тексты. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Подумайте над следующими вопросами:
1. Каким членом предложения является пропущенное слово?
2. Какой частью речи этот член предложения выражен (обратите внимание на исходную форму слова, напечатанную заглавными буквами на полях)?
3. Какая грамматическая форма образуется по контексту?
4. Каковы особенности правописания этой формы?
3.
| The individual states all have (1)________ forms of government with a senate and a house. There is only one (2)_________, Nebraska, which has only one (3)________ body of 49 senators. All have (4)________ branches headed by state governors and (5)_________ court systems. Each state has its own constitution. But all must respect the federal laws and not make laws that interfere with the laws of the other states. The Us Constitution determines federal(6)__________. All other (7)__________ belong to the states and to the local (8)__________. | REPUBLIC ECEPT LEGISLATE EXECUTE DEPEND RESPONSIBLE AUTOMATICAL COMMUNE |
Key: 1 republican, 2 exception, 3 legislative, 4 executive, 5 independent, 6 responsibilities, 7 automatically, 8 communities.
4.
| Bike (1)_________ appeared in Russia with the (2)___________ of Moscow motorbike club ‘Night Wolves’. (3)__________ it was founded on May 31,1989. But the core of it appeared in the early 80s. A (4)__________ in Russia prefers a heavy bike like Harley Davidson and a leather jacket. The club is so (5)________ not only in Russia but also all over the world that the first Russian Bike Show, which took place in 1995, attracted a lot of guests from abroad. | CULTURE APPEAR OFFICIAL BIKE FAME |
Key: 1 subculture, 2 appearance, 3 officially, 4 biker, 5 famous.
5.
| Football (soccer) is the (1)________ sport, and British club teams are often (2)________ in Europe. But British football today has a bad fame at home and abroad, because of the (3)_________ of some groups of fans who get drunk and fight with each other. Most British fans (4)_________ violence and help the police to put an end to it. | NATION SUCCESS VIOLENT LIKE |
Key: 1 national, 2 successful, 3 violence, 4 dislike.
6.
| In Britain people (1)________ pay compliments on the things they like about the people they are talking to. They also expect to hear “Thank you!” in response to a compliment. Besides, they add something to keep the (2)________ going. In Britain people usually do not (3)_________ with compliments. Sometimes they pay a compliment in return. Too many compliments may be interpreted as (4)_______. But not enough compliments may be interpreted as a sign of (5)_________. | USUAL CONVERSE AGREE SINCERE LIKE |
Key: 1 usually, 2 conversation, 3 disagree, 4 insincerity, 5 dislike.
7.
| Every year more than eleven million tourists visit Britain. In fact, tourism is an (1)__________ industry, employing thousands of people. Most (2)__________ come in the summer months when they can expect good weather. Tourists (3)_________ spend a few days in London, then go on to other well-known cities. Perhaps the least visited places in England are old (4)_________ towns. But many people think that nineteenth-century cities show the (5)_________ of Britain. The (6)_________ of the past is to be still seen in their old streets. | IMPORTANCE VISIT USUAL INDUSTRY REAL GREAT |
Key: 1 important, 2 visitors, 3 usually, 4 industrial, 5 reality, 6 greatness.
Test
1. Выделите словообразующие элементы, исходное слово, определите, к какой части речи относятся данные слова. Переведите на русский язык.
Patiently – impatient – patience, unstable – stability – to stabilize – stabilization, possibly – impossible – possibility, inattention – attentive – attentively, helpless – helplessly – helplessness, limitation – unlimited – limitless, to coexist – existent – existence – coexistence, to disappear- to reappear – appearance – disappearance.
3. От данных прилагательных образуйте прилагательные, используя префиксы in-, un- il-, ir-, im-, dis-, ultra-.
Happy, honest, patient, comfortable, legal, short, possible, modern, responsible, direct, logical.
4. Образуйте прилагательные, используя суффиксы –able, -al, -ant, -ent, -ful, -ish,-less.
To differ, to eat, to compare, brown, care, to resist, use, fruit, home, to resist, form, shame.
5. Прочитайте приведенный ниже текст. Преобразуйте слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами.
| The English language is (1)________ growing and changing. No one has ever included every word from the language in a single dictionary. To do that would mean to (2)_______ the dictionary every day, which is (3)________. But people have a lot of (4)________ about the growing and (5)________of the language, its (6)_________. Scholars have (7)________ ideas of how any new (8)________ contributes to the process of new words (9)________. When people are faced with a new (10)________ and they do not have a word for its (11)________, they sometimes make up one. But no one makes a formal (12)________ about it. | CONSTANT WRITE POSSIBLE INFORM DEVELOP EXPAND VARY DISCOVER ADOPT SITUATE DESCRIBE DECIDE |
Key: 1 constantly, 2 rewrite, 3 impossible, 4 information, 5 development, 6 expansion, 7 various, 8 discovery, 9 adoption, 10 situation, 11 description, 12 decision.