Complex Subject with Anticipatory It




In English are widely spread sentences beginning with the pronoun "it" which is followed by a predicate (nominal as a rule) which in its turn is followed by infinitive or gerund or verbal phrase with infinitive or Gerund as nucleus, infinitive or Gerund of the link verb to be + nominative member, predicative phrase or subordinate clause.

'It was strange to be hated'.

'It was necessary to fill in a form at the doors and give it to a policeman-It was easy to be truthful at twenty'.

Sentences beginning with anticipatory "it" correspond with the sentences with Infinitive or Gerund as a subject (Transforms).

Pronoun 'if appears before a predicate only when a subject is in the position of the predicate. In these cases usually a verbal form or a phrase are used in the function of the subject.

The position of the subject being non-typical it is natural to introduce an element capable to express grammar indicators of the subject (compare "It carries out this task").

Complex Subject is a facultative variant of Simple Subject.

Complex Subject with Anticipatory there.

Anticipatory there [δεə]is homograph of the pronoun their [δεə].

In the sentences of this type anticipatory "there" is always followed by a predicate expressed either by intransitive verb (very often by the verb to be) or by transitive verb of the mentioned types as nucleus.

The predicate is followed by a noun, substantivized phrases or. substantivized pronoun in relation of correspondence with the predicate.

N/NP

The sentence has the structure: (x) there VI/VIP In/InP -

Object

One of the specific features of English Object is its correspondence with a subject. Both members of the sentence in morphemo-lexical plane have substantivized base. They can be in relations of conversion (X played Y, Y was played by X). Subject and Object are the two closest elements to a verb. Object being in syntactic link with a verb-predicate is always a member of a structural scheme of a sentence. Object is characterizied by a limited distribution. One of the most widely spread classifications of Object divides it into: direct, indirect and prepositional. The weak point of this approach is in heterogeneity of the foundations for such a division.

If direct and indirect object are differentiated according to their contents and some formal features, the third type is distinguished solely through its formal feature (preposition) which is also characteristic for indirect object.

Classification of Object into prepositional and non prepositional (A,S. Smirnitskiy) is not exhaustive, because this formal feature is typical not only for an object.

Taking into consideration the content differences between objects of various types and their formal differential features the objects of Modem English may be divided into: object of object, object of subject, and object of addressee.

Object of object: a member of the sentence dependant on a verb, adjective or a stative and nominating object of action or of a feature. Absence or presence of a preposition is pure (purely) motivated extralinguistically and often depend on semantic structure of a verb.

He saw me — He looked at me.

to ask for — to beg; to think of— to consider.

There are deviations in use of prepositional and nonprepositional object with the same verbs to follow (after) smth; to discuss (about) smth. That makes it possible to unite traditional prepositional and direct objects into the class: object of object.

Object of Object is opposed by Object of Addressee in contents and in formal features. It nominates a person or an object to which an action coming from the subject is directed.

This type of an Object can also be prepositional and nonprepositional used with the same verb: "You are offering me the thing you need most of all. He offered it to me."

In modern English the Object of Adressee is used usually with the Object of Object (direct) — "He had given her money; I'll give it to you tomorrow"

There are cases of the only obligatory Object of Adressee as dependant verbal environment.

Object of Subject — is a dependant on a verb in passive voice nominal component of the sentence nominating a carrier of the action marked by a verb. It is always prepositional. Its structure is by/with + N. Transformationally it corresponds with a subject in active voice: "My father was exhausted by her outburst. Мог was overcome with emotion".

One should bear in mind that Object of a Subject has structurally outlined the sphere of use limited by a sentence with a verb in Passive Voice.

Semantically the three types of Object are determined on the basis of character of their participation in action: from not participation (Object of an Object) through marginal participation (Object of an Addressee) and to the status of a carrier of action (Object of a Subject). Structurally they differ by their transformational abilities and by semantic roles attributed to Object in general.

Adverbial Modifier is a member of the sentence characterized by a free distribution. Its presence in the sentence is far from always determined by the verb semantics and being free in use adverbial modifier may be used in any sentence.

Morpho-lexical base of Adverbial Modifiers is rather wide. Not only nouns but adverbs and participles make it up. Nouns and adverbs as means of expression of Adverbial Modifier are in relations of functional correspondence i.e. they are able to substitute each other (with eagerness — eagerly) and to form coordinative links being constituents of adverbial groups (He spoke quietly and with dignity).

The system of types of Adverbial Modifier is mainly determined by semantic differentiation of adverbs.

Attribute. While Subject, Object and Adverbial Modifier are verb orientated in their syntactic links, attribute is substantively oriented.

Attribute is a dependant-element of a nominal phrase marking attributive feature of an object nominated by a noun.

According to a noun attribute may be prepositive and postpositional. Adjectives have no means of expression of syntactic links dependant of their pre-or post-position. When an attribute is expressed by a noun the latter is nonprepositionaly used in preposition and is used with preposition (usually “of”) when used in postposition. Prepositional attribute forms wide opportunities for modification of nomination even including predicative units: 'Did—you — know — that type of book'.

Like other members of the sentence Attribute may undergo the process of extension. The elements of extended row are characterized by their mutual subordination to the same head word and by reciprocal semantic and syntactic interdependence: 'Something rather pleasant and exciting'. The last remaining leaves.

The most general structural peculiarity in disposition of prepositional attributes is the principle of placing qualitative attributes to the left side of extended attributive row and relative attributes to the right side — that is the principle of positional polarity of qualitative and relative attributes.

Ex: OrdinaryEnglish speech. An exquisite little enameled box.

The special place in thestructure of extended attributive row belongs to the attribute expressed by a noun in possesive case. The peculiarity of this form lies in its ability to fulfil different structural functions. When it expresses the possession i' is situated in the left wing of the row, when it expresses the feature, it is placed in the right wing of the row: The soldier's young brown hand grasp Little foxes heads (the ornament).

 

SYNTACTIC PROCESSES

The simplest from the point view of grammar structure and contents sentence structure is called Structural Scheme of a sentence. A structure built on the bases of Structural Scheme with explicable realization of the components of Structural Scheme is called Elementary Sentence. Number and grammar nature of the members of the sentence are dependant on verb semantics.

Ex: "Pages rustle [шелестеть]".

"More taught him that". "That was long ago".

Relation between Elementary Sentence and a sentence which is beyond the frames of elementary one may be presented as extension of Elementary Sentence into a "full" one or as transvertion [поперечное расположение] of a "full" sentence to Elementary. Such understanding of relations between elementary, and full sentences makes it possible to interpret Elementary Sentence as nonspread and a sentense

composition of which is not limited by components determined by structural scheme as a Spread Sentence.

Propagation of Elementary Sentence is achieved on account of syntactic processes.

Extension. Extension is addition to a syntactic unit of other units of the same syntactic status and their mutual syntactic functioning in the structure of the sentence. The chain of elements connected by relations of extension may be considered as a single extended member of the sentence or as a succession of syntactic elements of a mutual syntactic function. The simplest kind of extension is repetition.

"I waited and waited"

The excited voices grew louder and louder

The more spread kind of extension is heterolexical extension.

"He told her everything: his hopeless love, his despair."

Complement. Different variant of one and the same sentence may be connected by relations of derivation. In this case one structure is considered as initial and others — as derivatives. The mentioned elements are characterized by the same syntactic status, by mutual substitution and equivalence of compare: She laughed and She began to laugh.

So Complement is a syntactic process of a change in the structure of a syntactic unit the nature of which lies in complementation of the structure which changes from simple to complex.

The difference between simple and complemented structures may be illustrated by a predicate, predicated by different structures

Complementing of a predicate is being carried out by means of inclusion in its structure of an element of incomplete predication.



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