he Towns of Great Britain

Astana

Astana (the former Akmola) was founded in 1830 as a fortification of Russian Empire. In 1862 stanitsa Ak-mola got the status of a town. In the course of time Akmola became the centre of trade fairs where merchants from all over Kazakhstan. Russia, Central Asia, India and other countries gathered to sell cattle and agricultural products. For a long time Akmola was an outpost of Russian Empire seeking the way to developed trade and its political influence upon Central Asia in XVIII-XIX centuries. With the growth of anti – tsarist and revolutionary public mood the Akmloa prison became over crowed with those who wanted freedom. In March 1917 the Soviet Power was established in Akmola.

Many changes have taken place since then. Akmola played an important role in supplying the Soviet Army with raw materials and products during the Second World War. In 1961 Akmola was renamed into Tselinograd and became the centre of Tselinny Krai. In 1992 the city got its name Akmola again and sice October 1997 Akmola has become a new capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Later on it got its present name Astana. Astana is a modern growing city, a political, financial, economic, scientific and socio-cultural centre of the state. There are a lot of magnificent beautiful buildings, higher educational establishments, colleges and secondary schools, hotels, banks and other commercial structures in Astana, the new capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan. There are many places of interest in Astana: the Central Square the Republic Avenue, the Palace of Youth and the Bridge across the Ishim River, the Reginal Museum of Fine Arts and others. From everywhere you can see Baiterek, the symbol of prosperity and happiness.

Astana

Astana is the capital of our republic. It’s a new city. The law to make this city as a capital was established in June 1997.
In addition, Astana is the city where I have lived since my childhood. I finished school there. I remember almost every street. Everyone knows the significant building there – Bayterek. Every person who came to Astana, go to look at this building. Also there are a lot of amazing places too. For example, our seafront. When you are walking there at the late evening,you will be really enjoyed by the view. Truly, I really like my town

Astana is not only the heart of my Motherland but it’s a very beautiful city with modern buildings, splendid flowerbeds, wide and straight streets, magnanimous citizens. There you can see the blue sky, which is usually is not seen in big cities. As most of the biggest capitals of the world Astana is situated on the banks of the river.

For the history the age of Astana is a moment but in a short of time one of the most important cities of Eurasia appeared. It has a great future. I wish this city become one of the best cities of the world.

До поездки в Астану, я была уверена, что Алматы – лучший город Казахстана. Бывшая столица нашей страны, которая расположена у подножья гор Алатау, прекрасна. Однако прошлым летом я круто изменила своё мнение.

Астана – это не только сердце моей Отчизны, но и очень красивый город с современными зданиями, замечательными клумбами, широкими и прямыми улицами, гостеприимными жителями. В Астане можно увидеть голубое небо, которое не всегда увидишь в больших городах. Как и многие столицы мира, Астана расположена на берегах реки.

Для истории возраст Астаны – миг, но за короткий период времени появился один из важнейших городов Евразии. У него большое будущее. Я хочу, чтобы этот город стал одним из лучших городов мира.

he Towns of Great Britain

The centre of everything in Great Britain is the city of London. It's situated at the centre of a vast national and international network of communication. London consists of four main districts, which differ from each other. These are the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. London's industries are extremely varied. Among them an extensive system of docks and port industries, electrical engineering, the motor car industry and other. The other towns, situated to the north of the Thames are Oxford and Cambridge.

Oxford was first mentioned in recorded history in the tenth century and later became an important trade centre in medieval times, then it developed into leading educational centre. Cambridge is also best known for its ancient university. Its industries are mostly concerned with electronics which has an international reputation. Bristol dominates South-west England, both as the region's largest seaport and as its largest city. It is a major centre of metallurgy, aircraft and chemical industries. Of the towns situated in the south of England the largest ones are Southampton, Portsmouth and Brighton. Southampton is primarily a seaport, the most important on the south coast.

Brighton is one of the most popular seaside resorts of Britain. It has mild climate, warm sea and wonderful beaches. Manchester is a city of ancient origin. By the 17th century it was great commercial city, a centre of textile industry. Now engineering along with clothing manufacture are most important industries there. Sheffield, situated in South Yorkshire, produces almost two-thirds of the country's alloy steel, it is famous for its-tools and cutlery. Other industries include paper making machinery and food processing. In North Yorkshire the largest town is York. Its leading industries are engineering and manufacture of confectionery. York attracts many tourists because of its famous medieval city walls.

Города Великобритании

Столица Великобритании - Лондон. Он расположен в центре обширной национальной и международной сети коммуникаций. Лондон состоит из четырех районов, кото­рые отличаются друг от друга. Это Сити, Вестминстер, Уэст-Энд и Ист-Энд. Промышленность Лондона разнообразна. Она включает обширную систему доковой и портовой индустрии, электротехническую, автомобильную промышленность и другие. Другие города, расположенные к северу от Темзы, это Оксфорд и Кембридж.

Оксфорд впервые упоминался в письменной истории в X веке и позже стал важным торговым центром средне­вековья, потом - лучшим образовательным центром. Кембридж также хорошо известен своим древним университетом. Его промышленность в основном пред­ставлена электроникой, которая имеет международную из­вестность. Бристоль известен в юго-западной Англии как самый большой морской порт региона и самый большой город. Это важный центр металлургии, авиапромышленности и химической промышленности. Среди городов, расположенных на юге Англии, самые большие Саутхемптон, Портсмут и Брайтон. Cаутхемптон - в первую очередь морской порт, самый важный на южном побережье.

Брайтон - один из наиболее популярных морских курортов Британии. Тут мягкий климат, теплое море и прекрасные пляжи. Манчестер - древний город. К XVII веку это был большой торговый город, центр текстильной промышленности. Сегодня машиностроение и легкая промышленность -самые важные здесь отрасли индустрии. Шеффилд, расположенный в южном Йоркшире, производит почти 2/3 нержавеющей стали страны; он знаменит своими инструментами и столовыми приборами. Среди других отраслей - пищевая и бумажная промышлен­ность. В северном Йоркшире самый большой город - Йорк. Лидирующие отрасли промышленности - машиностроение и пищевая. Йорк привлекает многих туристов своими знаменитыми средневековыми городскими стенами.