1. What does private law deal with?
2. What does public law deal with?
3. What are the major branches of private law?
4. What are the major branches of public law?
5. What are the main sources of international law?
Text 4
Law and Culture
Word List
| lawful | законный, правомерный |
| lawless | 1) неправомерный, противоправный, незаконный, противозаконный; 2) не подчиняющийсямзаконам, нарушающий закон; 3) находящийся вне закона |
| law-abiding | уважающий закон, законопослушный |
| lawsuit | судебное дело, иск, тяжба, правовой спор, судебный спор, судебное разбирательство, судебный процесс |
| law-breaker | правонарушитель |
| legitimate adj | 1) законный; 2) законнорожденный |
| to legitimate | 1) узаконить, легитимировать; 2) оправдывать, слушать в качестве оправдания |
| legitimation | узаконивание, легитимация |
| amendment | 1) исправление, внесение поправки или поправок;мм2)мпоправка (к конституции, закону, в документе, в договоре); 3) изменение, дополнение |
| amendment of constitution | внесение поправки или поправок в конституцию |
| to move/to propose an amendment | предложить поправку |
| to reject an amendment | отклонить поправку |
| to second an amendment | поддержать предложение о поправке |
| executive order | приказ (главы) исполнительной власти,мправительственное постановление |
| adjudication | 1)мпризнание,мустановление, объявление (в судебном порядке); 2) рассмотрение спора, разрешение дела, вынесение судебного решения, судебное решение или приговор; 3) осуждение |
| adjudication of claim | рассмотрение иска |
| to adjudicate | 1) признать, установить, решить, объявить (в судебном порядке); 2) рассмотреть спор, разрешить дело, вынести судебное решение или приговор; 3) осудить (лицо) |
| to adjudicate in a case | вынести решение по делу |
| de facto (лат.) | де-факто, на деле, фактически, в действительности |
| de jure (лат.) | де-юре, юридически |
| grievance | 1) основание для жалобы, ущерб, вред; 2) жалоба |
| arbitrage/arbitration | арбитраж,мтретейскиймсуд, арбитражное разбирательство |
| to arbitrate | 1) решать в арбитражном порядке, осуществлятьмарбитражное разбирательство; 2) быть третейским судьей; 3) передавать в арбитраж |
| to enforce penalty | применить санкцию, наказание |
| law enforcement | применение права, закона |
| to come under/within the jurisdiction | подходить под юрисдикцию |
Text 4
One of the fundamental similarities across different legal systems is that, to be of general approval and observation, a law has to appear to be public, effective, and legitimate, in the sense that it has to be available to the knowledge of the citizen in common places or means, it needs to contain instruments to grant its application, and it has to be issued under given formal procedures from a recognized authority.
In the context of most legal systems, laws are enacted through the processes of constitutional charter, constitutional amendment, legislation, executive order, rulemaking, and adjudication; within Common law jurisdictions, rulings by judges are an important additional source of legal rules.
However, de facto laws also come into existence through custom and tradition.
Law has an anthropological dimension. In order to have a culture of law, people must dwell in a society where a government exists whose authority is hard to evade and generally recognized as legitimate. People forego personal revenge or self-help and choose instead to take their grievances before the government and its agents, who arbitrate disputes and enforce penalties.
This behaviour is contrasted with the culture of honour, where respect for persons and groups stems from fear of the disproportionate revenge they may exact if their person, property, or prerogatives are not respected. Cultures of law must be maintained. They can be eroded by declining respect for the law, achieved either by weak government unable to wield its authority, or by burdensome restrictions that attempt to forbid behaviour prevalent in the culture or in some subculture of the society. When a culture of law declines, there is a possibility that an undesirable culture of honour will arise in its place.
Answer the questions about the text.
1. What must a law be to be effective and legitimate?
2. How are laws enacted?
3. What is the difference between culture of law and culture of honour?
4. What are the possible dangers of declining respect for the law?
5. What purpose does a set of laws serve?
Vocabulary Exercises