Задание 8. Прочтите утверждения в левой колонке и укажите номер того из них, продолжением которого служит фраза из правой колонки.
| e.g. | A. | 1. He discovered a new chemical element. 2. He has discovered a new chemical element. | It was the beginning of his long and successful career. |
| B. | 1. I put the kettle on and sat down in an armchair. 2. I have just put the kettle on. | I can’t leave the kitchen at the moment. | |
| A – 1; B – 2. |
| A. 1. The nature of matter has interested men since ancient times. 2. The nature of matter interested men many centuries ago. | The result is chemistry. |
| B. 1. The Frenchman Antoine Augustin Parmentier invented twenty different ways of cooking potatoes. 2. The Frenchman Antoine Augustin Parmentier has invented twenty different ways of cooking potatoes. | He was one of the pioneers in the cooking potatoes. |
| C. 1. The word “sandwich” has appeared in all South European languages. 2. The word “sandwich” appeared in all South European languages. | It is also used in the Arabic and Turkish languages. |
| D. 1.The fisher folk of Norway, Greenland have used the liver oil of cods as a medicine. 2. The fisher folk of Norway, Greenland used the liver oil of cods as a medicine. | Now the liver oil of cods and other fishes is given to babies in many countries besides Norway and Greenland. |
| E. 1. The egg has been a symbol of fertility. 2. The egg was a symbol of fertility. | The ancient Persians worshiped it. |
| F. 1. Zero degrees centigrade has been adopted as the standard temperature for reporting gas volumes. 2. Zero degrees centigrade was adopted as the standard temperature for reporting gas volumes. | So the standard conditions are now 760 mm and 0º C. |
| G. 1. New classes of freeze-dried products, such as meat salads, have been developed for space feeding. 3. New classes of freeze-dried products, such as meat salads, were developed for space feeding. | These foods solved many problems of the first manned space flights. |
| H. 1. The cans have been sterilized. 2. The cans were sterilized. | But we could not put them into boxes yesterday. |
Задание 9. Напишите следующие утверждения, вставляя глагол в нужной форме.
| e.g. | At the end of the 18th century Appert (discovered, has discovered) the principle of canning food. – At the end of the 18th century Appert discovered the principle of canning food. |
1. Now the potato (became, has become) a staple food in Britain, Northern Europe, parts of America, and Australia.
2. The potato (was unknown, has been unknown) in Europe until the second half of the 16th century.
3. Alchemy (interested, has interested) many learned men in the 12th and 13th centuries.
4. Since the middle of the 19th century two new and very important branches of chemistry (grew up, have grown up): these are organic chemistry and physical chemistry.
5. In the 19th century the science of chemistry (grew up, has grown up) very rapidly with the development of the atomic theory.
6. The closed sandwiches (steadily increased, have steadily increased) in popularity since the 18th century.
7. Scandinavia, Germany and East European countries (invented, have invented) their own open sandwiches which they call “butter breads”.
8. For centuries eggs (were, have been) the subject of legends and myths.
Дифференциация между сказуемым в Прошедшем неопределенном времени и определением, выраженным страдательным причастием.
Задание 10. Вторая и третья форма глаголов, оканчивающаяся на –ed, а также ряда неправильных глаголов одинаковы, поэтому если слово с данными признаками следует непосредственно за существительным, оно может быть либо сказуемым в прошедшем неопределенном времени, либо определением, выраженным страдательным причастием.
А) Прочитайте следующие утверждения и против номера каждого предложения отметьте, является ли подчеркнутая форма глагола сказуемым или определением. Для этого отбросьте мысленно всю подчеркнутую группу слов, относящихся к данному слову. Если остаток является законченным осмысленным утверждением, то данная глагольная форма является определением, а если нет, то сказуемым.
| e.g. | 1. The yeast added to the dough helps it rise. (Attribute) 2. The pepper added flavour to the meat, but made it spicy. (Predicate) |
1. The centigrade scale used now in many countries was devised by Anders Celsius.
2. The earlier thermometers used alcohol coloured with a dye as the liquid in the tube.
3. The inert gases needed further investigation.
4. The amount of protein needed by the body varies with the age, sex, size, work and health.
5. The periodic table made the discovery of the unknown elements easier.
6. Bread made of barley flour is heavy.
7.Less than 30 years ago, hens consumed almost nine pounds of feed to produce a dozen eggs.
8.Today the amount of feed consumed by the hen is twice as little for the same number (a dozen) of eggs.