Compounded feeds are a blend of components. Supplies of fats, proteins and carbohydrates are in composts or compounded feeds, as a general rule, mixed in the necessary proportions.
A better understanding of the role of what might be called the “minor nutrients” or feed elements used in insignificant quantities is also an outstanding development, notably in the case of young ruminants, pigs and the various categories of poultry.
Feeds for domestic animals must not only contain, the necessary ingredients but must also be diversified; they must likewise be well prepared mechanically, so that the nutritive material should be well assimilated. Feeds should have good palatability and digestibility. That is the reason why a modern farm of necessity includes a special department for “cooking” feed stuffs. Feeds may be rough or coarse (hay, straw), succulent or juicy (ensilage, mangle, potatoes) and concentrated. Very frequently feeds are mixed. This is why the equipment of the fodder department is most diversified. Thus, for crushing coarse or (Concentrated feeds universal crushers or ensilage cutters are used.
Succulent feeds are prepared in a more complex way. Potatoes and mangle are first of all washed in a root-tuber washer and next cut into slices. The washed and cut potatoes or other semi-prepared feeds are next boiled in a steam-heated silage-maker. The steamed root and tuber-crops are then fed into a masher, whence they come out as ready prepared fodder. Cattle, as a rule, drink much water. Here again mechanization renders great help through the provision of automatic drinking bowls. The animal has only to lower its head, a pedal is worked and water is released into the bowl through a spring.
Buildings for livestock
Farm-buildings for livestock comprise cowstalls, sheep-houses, hoghouses and poultry houses, hatcheries and chicken breeding units along with rabbit hutches. To begin with buildings for stock-rearing. In warm countries cowstalls are replaced by loose-housing sites with separate feeding area and resting area. The pens here are movable. The milk- house or dairy adjoins the grounds as does the feed-processing division.
But perhaps more frequently stall barns are effective practice. A stall barn is a building for housing cows, bulls, heifers and calves. The barn is divided into a division with cowstalls, a feed alley for supplying fodder, mangers with automatic drains to let away the wash water from the mangers, a milking parlour, then straw chutes which run down for providing litter, a special calfpen and a feed room connected with the silo.
A hoghouse or piggery also has a number of sections: fattening, farrowing, feed-processing, etc.
The pig, because of its lack of external-covering, is very poorly adapted to withstand extremes of climate. It is thus absolutely vital to provide housing which eliminates the effects of the vagaries of climate and to define environment with considerable precision.
Materials used in the construction of piggeries must be such as to permit of the application of sanitation procedures. They must also possess good insulation properties.
Building layout must permit the individual feeding of sows during gestation. Suckling sows will naturally be housed individually and the farrowing section must be provided with a farrowing crate to prevent overlaying of new born piglets by the dam, and a creep section which can be fitted with feeding and supplementary heating arrangements for the sucklers.
As agriculture has moved towards more intensive production the function of farm-buildings for housing livestock has changed from the provision of temporary shelter to permanent housing wherein the climate can be controlled, or the air conditioned. This will enable animals to thrive and fulfil their purpose with maximum efficiency and the health of stock maintained at a high level.
There is a definite connection, between environment and health. Adverse conditions or a sudden violent change of environment may predispose to disease.
As a rule, the new born animal is poorly equipped to withstand any great changes in environmental conditions, being ill-adapted to intense cold, dampness and draught. Gradually however, they develop body mechanisms which will enable them to withstand an increasingly wide range of environmental conditions.
For this reason the need to control conditions for rearing young stock has been appreciated for a considerable time, but only within recent years has it become recognized to the full that controlled environment will have lasting benefits in respect of improved productivity.
Along with climate control, thermal insulation, etc. mechanization is of prime importance both in the organization and the management of livestock buildings.
Mechanization is of especial significance in feeding domestic animals and especially in milking cows. Milking with the help of milking machines is often effected according to the streamline principle. There exist several types of milking machines. Occasionally they are installed in the cow-house itself, sometimes in a special parlour and sometimes, again, are portable and can be transferred from place to place over the grazing grounds. The main elements of a milking machine are cans, the pulsator (electric or magnetic), the claw and four teat cups. The cups on the lid of the bucket are attached to the teats of the cow. The lid is connected to a vacuum pump, actuated by an electric motor. The vacuum set up in a vacuum tube joining the lid and the vacuum pump provides for lactation in three phases: first comps the milking phase, then the squeeze and then the pause or resting phase. The milk is then transferred to a milk pipeline and thence to a milk tank from where it passes to the consumer, being hauled to town by a milk transportation tank.
The yield of milk is measured by means of a recording meter.