C. Ю. НЕЙМАН
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Учебное пособие
по обучению чтению и кросс-культурной коммуникации
Омск 2014
УДК 4И (Англ): 371
Н 46
Нейман С. Ю.
Английский язык: учебное пособие по обучению чтению и кросс-культурной коммуникации. – Омск: ОГИС, 2013. – 94 с.
Целью данного учебного пособия является развитие навыков понимания, чтения и перевода оригинальных текстов по страноведению Англии.
Пособие состоит из 5 разделов, словаря к текстам разделов, включающего общенаучную и страноведческую лексику и контрольных вопросов для проверки понимания прочитанного.
Основной направленностью заданий является выработка навыков чтения, понимания и передачи содержания прочитанного на русском или английском языках.
Пособие составлено из оригинального источника и учитывает требования Государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального образования.
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов I курса всех специальностей.
ДК 4И (Англ): 371
Библиогр.: 6 назв.
Рецензент: доцент В. А. Певцова
ã Омский государственный
институт сервиса, 2014
Оглавление
| Предисловие..................................................................................... ВВЕДЕНИЕ...................................................................................... UNIT 1. THE BRITISH CHARACTER........................................... UNIT 2. SHAKESPEARE’S KINGS............................................... UNIT 3. THE GOLDEN ACE.......................................................... UNIT 4. BRITANNIA RULES THE WAVES................................... UNIT 5. THE 20TH CENTURY...................................................... ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ Библиографический Список VOCABULARY............................................................................... DECISIVE DATES........................................................................... |
Предисловие
Целью пособия является развитие навыков понимания, чтения, перевода и пересказа оригинальных текстов страноведческого характера, а также усвоение лексики общенаучного и страноведческого характера. Большой объем лексики, упражнения и вопросы после разделов обеспечивают самостоятельную работу студентов с текстами. Тексты учебного пособия могут использоваться как материал для внеаудиторного чтения, так как страноведческая тематика является обязательным компонентом в обучении английскому языку студентов I курса.
Пособие подготовлено в соответствии с требованиями действующего государственного образовательного стандарта и программы по английскому языку для неязыковых специальностей высших учебных заведений.
Учебное пособие состоит из тематических блоков, упражнений и контрольных вопросов к каждому блоку, словаря общенаучной и страноведческой лексики, исторической хронологии.
Тематические блоки включают тексты: Британский характер, Шекспировские короли, Золотой век Британии, Британия – владычица морей, Двадцатый век. Таким образом, тематически пособие построено по принципу логической и исторической последовательности в освещении культурно-исторических, национальных и международных проблем страны изучаемого языка. Учебное пособие дает знания и формирует представления о национальном характере британцев и особенностях их исторической судьбы, развивает общую эрудицию студентов и обеспечивает готовность к кросс-культурной коммуникации.
Каждый раздел состоит из текста для чтения и перевода, который сопровождается упражнениями на закрепление лексического материала, понимание прочитанного и вопросами контрольного характера на осознание прочитанных текстов, которые могут служить также и планом для пересказа текста, что позволит осуществлять тренинг устной речи. Кроме того, в разделы включены задания интерактивного и творческого характера. Тематика и организация самих текстов, повторяемость лексического и грамматического материала позволяют развивать контекстуальную догадку. Словарь обеспечивает самостоятельную подготовку внеаудиторного чтения с последующей проверкой на занятии.
Тексты могут использоваться также только для самостоятельной подготовки студентов.
Автор
Введение
Настоящее учебное пособие представляет собой апробированный вариант обучения чтению и кросс-культурно й коммуникации в неязыковом вузе студентов первого курса всех специальностей
Методическая система пособия основана на концепции функционально-коммуникативного подхода в преподавании иностранного языка. Главные особенности системы заключаются в целевой направленности текстов и упражнений; взаимосвязи видов речевой деятельности, реализуемой через организацию тренинговой работы по усвоению лексики, устной речи и чтения; цикличности самой работы над лексикой; научно-обоснованном отборе языкового материала.
Еще один важный момент – включение общеупотребительной лексики в качестве обязательной для усвоения студентами. В связи с этим приводимые в учебном пособии переводные эквиваленты значений общеупотребительных и общенаучных слов рекомендуются как возможные варианты. В зависимости от контекста способы перевода могут быть самыми различными. Кроме того, такой подход развивает контекстуальную догадку при работе над текстами. Ряд текстов нацелен на обучение студентов поисковому и просмотровому видам чтения страноведческой литературы. Предлагаемые в пособии проектные, ролевые и «кейсовые» задания отражают поиски новых интерактивных подходов в обучении иностранному языку с учетом компетентностного подхода в образовании.
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| UNIT 1. THE BRITISH CHARACTER | ||
| Millions of people in Britain, wrote George Orwell in 1947, " willingly accept as their national emblem the bulldog, an animal noted for its obstinacy, ugliness, and impenetrable stupidity." A foreigner, he went on, would find the salient characteristics of the common people to be ''artistic insensibility, gentleness, respect for legality, suspicion of foreigners, sentimentality about animals, hypocrisy, exaggerated class distinctions, an obsession with sport." The Welsh and the Scots would point out that Orwell was thinking primarily of the English – a distinction that would never occur to the English themselves, who, to the fury of the Welsh and Scots, persistently equate the terms "British" and "English". Stung by England's self-centered attitude, nationalists from both Celtic fringes call for a greater degree of self-government – perhaps even independence – for Wales and Scotland, but the demands become more muted during periods of economic difficulty and rhetoric has so far not resulted in action. Confusion reigns: But then the English have a gift for ambiguity. As a character in Alan Bennett's play The Old Country put it: "In England we never entirely mean what we say, do we? Do I | mean that? Not entirely. And logically it follows that when we say we don't mean what we say, only then are we entirely serious." If that seems contradictory, there's worse to come. The British embrace marriage more frequently than any other European nation, yet their divorce rate is second only to Denmark's. | |
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| On average, they work more hours per week than any other European Community country (43.9 hours for men), yet their productivity is lowest. They have 54,600 churches, but by far the lowest active church membership in Europe (14 percent of the total population). They laud family life, yet many prefer to send their children off to boarding school as soon as possible and park their aged parents in old people's | ||
| homes. They love animals, yet enthusiastically pursue blood sports. They pride themselves on their solidarity in war, yet cling to a divisive class system in peacetime. They are famed for their tolerance and sense of humor, yet, as the writer Paul Gallico observed: "No one can be as calculatedlyrude as the British, which amazes Americans, who do not understand studied insult and can only offer abuse as a substitute." Britain's nearest neighbors can be just as amazed as Americans. Andre Maurois advised his fellow countrymen: "In France it is rude to let a conversation drop; in England it is rash to keep it up. No one there will blame you for silence. When you have not opened your mouth for three years, they will think, "This Frenchman is a nice quiet fellow". The truth, as always, is more complicated. If Maurois had been in Liverpool or in Leeds, in Glas- | gow or in Cardiff, he might not have got a word in. The Englishman who has "all the qualities of a poker except its occasional warmth" probably lives in the overcrowded south-east, where standoffishness is a way of protecting precious privacy. But certain generalizations can be made. Because Britain is an island - a status not compromised in anyone's mind by the existence of the Channel Tunnel – its people have retained their bachelor outlook despite marrying into the European Union. Because it has not been successfully invaded for nearly 1,000 years, Britain remains deeply individualistic. On the one hand, its people perhaps overvalue tradition - a substitute for thought, critics say; on the other hand, they tend not to kill one another in civil conflict and they have absorbed, with relatively little civic pain, large numbers of their former imperial subjects. | |
| Ex. 1. Подберите русские эквиваленты к словам, подчеркнутым в тексте. | ||
| Ex. 2. Подберите английские эквиваленты из текста к следующим словам. |
подданный, одержимость, эгоцентричный, иметь ввиду, обвинять, отстраненность, прерваться (о беседе), нанесение обиды, привести к действиям, озадачить, самоуправление, призывать, преувеличенный.
Ex. 3. Прочтите и переведите текст с помощью словаря в конце книги.
Preceding page: The old British dressed to shop
| Wales fights back: To the English, the Welsh appear a much more homogeneous group than themselves: ebullient, warm-hearted and emotional but also rather sly and extremely garrulous. A certain amount of antipathy exists. Evelyn Waugh for instance, claimed in his novel Decline and Fall: "We can trace almost all the disasters of English history to the i nfluence of Wales." And Shakespeare poked fun at Welsh hyperbole by having the Welsh hero Owain Glyndwr boast, in Henry V, | Certainly, they are distinctively different from the English – "Mediterraneans in the rain" broadcaster Rene Cutforth called them. Within Wales itself, the people seem anything but homogeneous. Many in North Wales, where Welsh is still widely spoken, look down on people from South Wales whose blood is much more mixed and whose habits are thought too anglicized. Naturally, South Walians return the compliment by regarding North Walians as less | |||
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| "I can call spirits from the vasty deep" – only to be put down by Hotspur, who replies, "So can any man; but will they come?" The Welsh, for their part, have had to work hard, like many minority nations, to protect their self-esteem and culture from a strong, self- confident neighbour. that is, they were not open-planned. Then, half a dozen strangers would look out of the window, or suck their mints, or read their newspapers, but they would not speak to each other. It was not the 'done' English thing. The English are happy with few words and like to keep strangers at a comfortable distance from themselves. And in a train leaving Eng- | progressive and less sociable. Whether their preferred tongue is English or Welsh, however, there is no denying that the Welsh are voluble. "It is not so long ago," remembers the poet Dannie Abse, "that the trains leaving from London for South Wales consisted of separate carriages – is not English? Only when the train had passed through the Severn Tunnel, only when the passengers felt themselves to be safely in Wales, only then would the carriage suddenly hum with conversation." Because Wales, particularly in the 19th century, was fertile ground for preachers and trade union leaders, this gift of the gab was nourished. | |||
| land for Wales, who knows who | ||||
| Ex. 4. Подберите русские эквиваленты к словам, подчеркнутым в тексте. | ||||
| Ex. 5. Подберите английские эквиваленты из текста к следующим русским словам. | ||||
| 1. веселый, приветливый 2. упадок 3. хвастаться 4. болтливый 5. процветать 6. казаться 7. чрезвычайно 8. утверждать 9. катастрофа | 10. однородный 11. добросердечный 12. существовать 13. защищать 14. красноречие 15. самосознание 16. телеведущий 17. считать 18. предпочтительный | |||
| Ex. 7. Объясните выражения: a) separate and open-planned carriages, b) the ‘done‘ English thing, c) fertile ground for preachers, d) the vasty deep, e) happy with few words | ||||
| Ex. 8.Прочтите и переведите текст с помощью словаря в конце книги. Изменил ли контекст смысл выражений изEx. 7? | ||||
| Preceding page: Welsh couple at the Eisteddlod, Lloangollen | ||||
| Scotland the Brave: In contrast, the Scots are seen by the English as "dour", though they'd be hard put to justify the claim in a noisy Glasgow pub. English literature is peppered with anti-Scots aphorisms, ranging from Dr Samuel Johnson's claim that "the noblest prospect that a Scotchman ever sees is the high road that leads him to England" to P.G. Wodehouse's observation that "it | 1707 in what most Scots still regard as a shotgun marriage. Indeed, when the future Pope Pius II visited the country in the 15th century, he concluded: "Nothing pleases the Scots more than abuse of the English." Not that the Scots can't cooperate with the English when it suits them; the work ethic and ingenuity of Scots played a major role in creating the British Empire. | |||
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| is never difficult to distinguish between a Scotsman with a grievance and a ray of sunshine." The Scots' principal grievance is that the London-based parliament treats them as second-class citizens, especially when implementing its economic policies. This is far from being a new complaint, having been echoed long before the two nations united in | Unlike the English and Welsh, the Scots were never conquered by the Romans, and they also avoided Norman centralisation after the Conquest in 1066. Their religious experience also differentiated them: while England absorbed the Reformation with a series of cunning compromises, Scotland underwent a revolution, replacing the panoply of Roman Catholicism | |||
| with an austere Presbyterianism designed to put the ordinary people directly in touch with their God. No man was deemed inherently better than the next – and that included the clergy, who were directly answerable to their congregations. In many ways, the Scots character confuses the English. It com- | bines sourness and humour, meanness and generosity, arrogance and tolerance, cantankerousness and chivalry, sentimentality and hard-headedness. One aspect of these contradictions was caught by a flinch cartoon showing a hitchhiker trying to entice passing motorists with a sign reading "Glasgow – or else!" | |||
| Ex. 9. Подберите русские эквиваленты к словам, подчеркнутым в тексте. | ||||
| Ex. 10. Подберите английские эквиваленты из текста к следующим словам. | ||||
| хмурый, изобретательность, хитроумный, изысканность, суровый, невоспитанность, привлекать внимание, язвительность, религиозное сообщество. | ||||
| Ex. 11. Подберите русские эквиваленты из текста к следующим словам. | ||||
| dour high road noblest prospect shotgun marriage ordinary people religious experience directly answerable cunning compromises | generosity flinch cartoon congregations passing motorists ranging from claim to observation work ethic on average put directly in touch | |||
| Ex. 12.Прочтите и переведите текст с помощью словаря в конце книги. | ||||
| Preceding page: Spectators at the Highland games | ||||
| Come again: To understand Great Britain, its people will take many visits. This, bearing in mind their inability to say exactly what they mean, translates as: "Although we regard tourism as terribly vulgar, we do rather need the repeat business." When French and British construction workers met beneath the English Channel in 1990. Britain became linked to Continental Europe for the first time in 7.000 years. For it was then, when the last Ice Age ended, that melting | ice flooded the low-lying lands, creating the English Channel and the North Sea, and turning Britain into an island. This fact of being "set apart" from Europe was one of two seemingly contradictory factors which would affect every aspect of the country's subsequent history. The other was a genius for absorbing every invader and immigrant, creating a mongrel breed whose energies would establish an empire incorporating a quarter of the population of the planet. | |
| Ex. 13. Подберите русские эквиваленты из текста к следующим словам. bearing in mind regard mongrel breed subsequent incorporating repeat business set apart creating affect genius beneath establish inability flood Ex. 14. Прочтите и переведите текст с помощью словаря в конце книги. Ex. 15. Найдите информацию о других народах, издревле проживающих на Британских островах. Сравните их с англичанами, шотландцами и валлийцами. |
Ex. 16. Составьте общую характеристику британцев (англичане, валлийцы, шотландцы. Ирландцы) на английском языке, пользуясь прочитанной информацией урока и дополнительным материалом.
Preceding page: Early Britons
| Early settlers: A race of nomadic hunter-gatherers were the earliest inhabitants. By about 3000 BC tribes of Neolithic people had crossed the water from Europe, probably from the Iberian peninsula, now Spain. They were farming folk who kept animals and grew crops. The barrows which can still be found, mostly in the chalky lands of Wiltshire and Dorset, were their huge communal burial mounds. More dramatic monuments were the henges, the most important of which was Stonehenge in Wiltshire, constructed before 2000 BC. Exactly why it was built is unknown but it must have had religious and political significance: the massive undertaking involved in bringing bluestones all the way from Wales for place of its construction suggests that its builders had a substantial power base. Although in popular mythology Druids are associated with Stonehenge, they were Celtic priests who arrived much later. They met in sacred groves, usually near water, the symbol of fertility, and there is evidence that they made human sacrifices. At about the time Stonehenge was built another race arrived from Europe. With them they brought the art of pottery making, the ability to fashion bronze tools and the custom of individual burial. Because decorated pottery beakers people altogether. They drained much of the marshlands and built houses of wood and wickerwork with a weatherproof coating of mud. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. We have been left with a rich legacy of intricate and beautiful Celtic metalwork, some purely decorative, some with religious significance and many fine examples can be seen in London's | have been found in their graves, they are known as Beaker people. They appear to have accepted the existing culture and many were buried at Stonehenge. But they developed their own farming society and built hill forts which took over the role of henges. These forts, of which Maiden Castle in Dorset is one of the finest examples, became small fortified towns. | ||
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| As far as can be known – and, by definition, very little can be known about prehistory except through archaeological finds and modern dating methods - the next wave of immigrants were the Celts. They began to arrive about 700 BC and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans. They may originally have come from eastern and central Europe and they probably became dominant because, being ironworkers, their weapons were superior. They seem to have been a more sophisticated British Museum. The Celts have given history an undeniably famous figure: Boadicea (or Boudicca) queen of the Iceni in what is now East Anglia. She is said to have been tall, red-haired and fearsome, and she attempted to drive the Romans from Britain in AD 61. She succeeded in destroying their capital, Londinium, before being defeated. Her bravery and that of other female warriors was reported by her Roman enemies. | |||
| Ex. 17. Выучите следующие слова к тексту. | |||
| 1. nomad – кочевник 2. barrow – курган, холм 3. mound – курган, холм из камней 4. bluestone – медный купорос 5. fertility – плодородие 7. pottery – глиняные горшки, гончарная глина 8. sophisticated – сложный, умный, изощренный 9. marshland – болото 10. wickerwork – плетение из прутьев, зд. плетеные крыши 11. beaker – банка, горшок с прямыми краями, сосуд 12. legacy – последствие, результат, наследство 13. intricate – зд. сложный, многогранный 15. repel – остановить, задержать 16. firth – устье, пойма 17. stronghold – крепость, цитадель, оплот 18. literacy – грамотность 19. indigenous – разрушиться, развалиться 20. crumble – разрушиться, развалиться | |||
| Ex. 18. Прочтите и переведите текст о первых жителях Британских островов. | |||
| The Romans: British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. Julius Caesar first crossed the English Channel and arrived in Britain in 55 BC but, meeting resistance and bad weather, he returned to Gaul. The successful invasion did not take place until nearly a century later, in AD 43, headed by the Emperor Claudius. This time, the land they knew by its Greco-Roman name, Pretani, was subdued with relative ease, apart from the country in the far north they called Caledonia (now Scotland). To repel persistent raids by the warlike Picts, or "painted ones", the Emperor Hadrian had a wall built right across the north of England. Much of the wall still remains, running from Carlisle to Newcastle, but the border with Scotland is now further north. When raids continued, a second wall was built by the Emperor Antoninus Pius, linking the firths (estuaries) of the Forth and the Clyde, but this also failed to contain the Picts. The Romans remained in control of Pretani, renamed Britannia, for nearly 400 years. Then, with barbarians at the gates of Rome, under repeated attacks from Picts and also from the Scots (the " tattooed ones" who invaded from the north of Ireland) and needing to set up a new military front on the east coast to repel the Germanic Saxon tribes invading | from Europe, they pulled out. Behind them they left a network of towns, mostly walled, many on the sites of Celtic settlements or their own military camps. The suffix -caster or - chester in English place names – Lancaster, Winchester and Chester itself – derives from castra, the Latin word for camp. | ||
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| The Roman capital was London (Londinium), York had been created as a northern stronghold and Bath (Aquae Sulis) rapidly developed because of its waters. Many of these centers were linked by a network of roads, so well constructed that they survived for centuries and became the roles of other, much later, highways. Their main purpose was military, but they also encouraged trade by enabling goods to be moved rapidly about the country. The most famous Walling Street, stretched from Dover to Chester, and passed through London. | |||
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| The Romans also utilized Britain's natural resources, mining lead, iron and tin and manufacturing pottery. They constructed baths, temples, amphitheatres and ornate and beautiful villas, some with rudimentary under-floor central heating, the remains of which can still be seen today. They also brought literacy to the country, the use of the Latin language and the new religion, Christianity. This came at first by indirect means, | probably brought by traders and soldiers, and was quite well- established before the first Christian Emperor, Constantine, was proclaimed in AD 306. But the majority of the indigenous people continued to live much as they had before Roman rule and, when the conquerors left, their influence faded surprisingly fast. Buildings crumbled through lack of repair and language, literacy and religion soon disappeared. | ||
| Ex. 19. Прочтите и переведите текст с помощью словаря в конце книги. | |||
| Ex. 20.Укажите среди подчеркнутых в тексте слов слова, имеющие латинские и греческие (интернационализмы) корни и аффиксы. Preceding pages: Early map; Victorian depiction of Caesar's arrival in Britain Facing page: Roman mosaic from Dorset | |||
| Religious change: The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion. Among their gods were Woden, king of heaven, Thor, the god of storms, and Freya, goddess of peace. The names Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive from these gods. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Corn- | continued, under Christian auspices. Lindisfarne produced its beautifully illustrated Gospels, now in the British Museum; the Irish abbey created the exquisite Book of Kells, much of it executed at Lindisfarne; it is now on display in Dublin, in the Irish Republic. Even so, Christianity remained a fringe belief. | ||
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| wall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In AD 563 on the island of Iona, off the west coast of Scotland, a monk called Columba established a monastery which was to be responsible for much of the Christian conversion of the people of the north. Under its influence a monastery was founded at Lindisfarne in Northumberland and another at Kells in Ireland, and many smaller ones sprang up throughout the Celtic areas. The earlier deco- rative traditions of the Celts were Monasteries sprang up throughout the country and became places of learning. In Jarrow-on-Tyne a monk called Bede (AD 673-735) wrote the EcclesiasticalHistory of the English People. Bede's work, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, compiled under the direction of King Alfred the following century, are the principal sources of knowledge for this period. An 8th-cenlury epic poem, Beowulf, captures the essence of courtly life of the time and is the first poem written in a European vernacular language. Alfred, who is said to have taught himself Latin at the age of 40, translated Bede’s work into English. A learned man himself, he encouraged learning in others, established schools and formulated a legal system. This, as well as his sterling work with the army and the navy, makes him worthy of his title "Alfred the Great". After the great king's death, trouble broke out again. His successors reconquered the Danelaw, but in 980 Viking invasions recommenced. King Ethelred tried paying them to stay away by imposing a tax, called the danegelt, on his people. But Ethelred, whose | At the end of the 6th century the monk Augustine (who was once heard to remark "O Lord make me chaste, but not yet") was sent from Rome to convert the Anglo-Saxons. He went to Canterbury, in Kent, and became its first archbishop. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary acti-vities of the monks in the north. title 'The Unready" was as well earned as Alfred's, was a poor psychologist. The Danes merely grew more predatory while he grew more confused. When his death left no strong Saxon successor, the Witan chose Canute, the Danish leader, as king. Canute proved to be a wise ruler. He divided power between Danes and Saxons and, to protect his northern border, compelled Malcolm II, king of the Scots, to recognise him as overlord. Some 20 years later, Malcolm's grandson, Duncan, would be murdered by Macbeth, Lord of Moray, who was greedy for power. Macbeth, in his turn, was killed and the throne restored to Duncan's son, who became King Malcolm III. Thus the bones of Shakespeare's plot for Macbeth are true, although his scheming Lady and Banquo's ghost are less well authenticated. Had Canute's sons, Harold and Hardicanute, not died within a few years of him, the whole history of Britain might have been very different. As it was, the succession passed to Edward, son of Ethelred, who had spent most of his life in Normandy, the part of France settled by the Vikings. | ||
| Ex. 21. Прочтите и переведите текст с помощью словаря в конце книги. | |||
| Preceding page: King Canute | |||
| The Norman Conquest: Edward (1042 – 66), known as the Confessor, was a pious man who built Westminster Abbey to the glory of God. He was also far more Norman than Saxon and soon upset his father-in-law, Earl Godwin, by filling his court with "foreign" favourites and appointing a Norman priest Archbishop of Canterbury. He is also said to have | Field, near Hastings. The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history and probably remains so important because England has never been invaded since. William was crowned king in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day and set out to consolidate his kingdom. Many Saxon nobles had died in battle while others fled to | ||
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| promised the English throne to William, Duke of Normandy. But, when Edward died, the Witan chose Harold, son of Godwin, as king. Harold's reign lasted less than a year. In October 1066 William of Normandy came to claim the throne. He landed at Pevensey on the Sussex coast, near the great Roman fort of Anderida, and defeated Harold in battle on Senlac | Scotland. Their coming intensified the Anglicisation of Scotland which had begun with the marriage of King Malcolm III to Margaret, an English princess. William filled the vacuum with Norman barons and strengthened and formalised the feudal system which had begun before his arrival. His barons received their land in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the | ||
| land's produce. The barons then parceled out land to the lesser nobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services. At the bottom of the heap were the villains or serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves. | William needed to know exactly who owned what in his new kingdom, the amount of produce he could expect and the taxes he could demand. So he sent his clerks to compile a properly record. This collection, called the Domesday Book because it seemed to the English not unlike the Book of Doom to be used by the greatest feudal lord of all on Judgment Day, was completed in 1086. Today, Domesday Book is kept in the Public Records Office in London, and is a fascinating document of early social history. The early Norman kings had trouble keeping peace on their borders. William's son, Henry I, tried a pacific approach to Scotland: he married King Malcolm III's daughter, Matilda. He died in 1135 leaving no male heir. His daughter, who was also called Matilda, had married Henry Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, and became embroiled in a civil war against the followers of her cousin, Stephen. This war ended in 1153 with Stephen in control of the Crown but forced to accept Matilda's son, Henry, as joint ruler. On Stephen's death the following year, Henry, founder of the Angevin dynasty (the dynasty of Anjou), usually known as the Plantagenet dynasty, became king and went on to rule for 35 years. | ||
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| William's influence was strongest in the south. Faced with combined Saxon-Danish rebellion in the north, he took swift and brutal action in what has been called the "harrying of the north", devastating the countryside and destroying much of the Roman city of York. He then buttressed his power with a string of defensive castles, and replaced the Witan with the Great Council of his new tenants-in-chief, which met three times a year in the southern cities of Winchester, Westminster and Gloucester. | |||
| Ex. 22. Прочтите и переведите текст о Нормандском завоевании. | |||
| The great monasteries: While battles raged and kings connived, there was another side to life in this period, which has been described as "the flowering of Norman culture on English soil". The monasteries, both Benedictine and Cistercian, formed the new cultural centers: Canterbury. Westminster and Winchester were among the most active in the south, as were Fountains Abbey and Rievaulx in the north and Strata Florida in mid-Wales. | some of whom went in search of other branches of learning in European monasteries, but they made no attempt to educate those outside the Orders. Benedictine monasteries were a vital part of the feudal system, some gradually becoming almost indistinguishable from the great landed estates. Their abbots lived very well indeed, eating and drinking with great abandon. The Cistercian orders were not feudalised and their members were far less | ||
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| In Scotland the great monasteries at Melrose, Dryburgh, Jedburgh and Kelso were all built in the reign of Malcolm III's son, David I (1124 – 53), who also established the nation's capital at Edinburgh. These great houses produced erudite historians and scholars, would also become involved in this profitable business a century later. Both Black and White monks, as the Benedictines and Cistercians were called, after the colours of their habits, offered hospitality to travellers and charity to the poor, although the Abbot of Evesham may have been unusual in "washing their feet, giving clothes to some and money to others". A constant stream of pilgrims also had to be provided for, because pilgrimages were a feature of the age. Two pilgrimages to St David's in Wales were deemed the equivalent of one to Rome. | self-indulgent. Located in remote spots, many in the Yorkshire dales and Welsh valleys, they lived a far more spiritual life and supported their communities through sheep farming. The Cistercians were the founders of the wool trade, which was to become the country's main source of wealth. The Benedictines Chaucer's Canterbury Tales was not written until the 14th century; but his characters, a group of pilgrims travelling towards Canterbury, would have been a common enough sight at any time in the Middle Ages. They might not all have had such bawdy tales to tell but the popularity of Chaucer's book shows that a ribald sense of humour was appreciated at the time and that women, if his Wife of Bath is anything to go by, were expected to be just as lascivious as men. | ||
| Ex. 23. Прочтите и постарайтесь понять основное содержание текста | |||
| Ex. 23. Подберите английские эквиваленты из текста к следующим словам и выражениям. Расцвет нормандской культуры, затерянные места, сладострастный, постоянный поток паломников,по цвету из рубищ, фривольные истории,смотреть сквозь пальцы,обмывание ног,неотличимый, с большой охотой, потакающий своим желаниям, основной источник богатства, благотворительность, особенность тех лет, типичная картина. Ex. 24. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту. | |||
| 1. What another side to life existed along with the Norman Conquest. 2. What are the most famous among the monasteries of that period? 3. What was the life at the monasteries like? 4. How did the Benedictine Order differ from the Cistercians’? 5. What was Chaucer’s Canterbury tales about? | |||
| Preceding pages: William the Conqueror sets sail for England, as depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry; Illuminated 12th century Psalter from York; Pilgrims their way to Canterbury | |||
| King Arthur and Albion: But Chaucer's knight, his "verray parfit gentil knight", shows another side of medieval life: the courtly tradition and the code of chivalry. The highly exaggerated, romantic ideals of knights who would fight and die to win a smile from their pure and unblemished ladies first gained popularity in the 12th century at the time of the Crusades. From this tradition sprang the Arthurian myth. Arthur probably existed and may well have been a Celtic leader of the 6th or 7th century. But it was Geoffrey of Monmouth, a 12th-century historian, who invented many of the legends which surround him, his magical sword, Excalibur, and the wizard Merlin. Tintagel Castle in Cornwall, supposedly Arthur's birthplace, was not built until the 12th century – but there is no need to let historical facts spoil a good story. As more people learned to read, curiosity about the history of Britain grew and, as there were few historical details to go on, it is understandable that writers should embellish, romanticize and quite simply invent. Geoffrey attributed one of Britain's early names, Albion, to the fact that the country had first been ruled by Albina, | daughter of a Roman Emperor, Diocletian. More sober writers believe the name comes from the Latin for white, alba, and refers to the cliffs at Dover. The Romans' first sight of Britain. In the 15th century William Caxton, the priming pioneer, published a book which blended historical fact and fantasy, myth and legend, in a fascinating account called The Description of Britain. | ||
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| A century later, Raphael Holinshed compiled a history of Britain, called Chronicles; this featured the story of King Lear, later adapted and dramatized by Shakespeare, who relied heavily on Holinshed's work for several plays. | |||
| Ex. 25. Прочтите и переведите текст. Кратко расскажите историю о короле Артуре. | |||
| UNIT 2. SHAKESPEARE’S KINGS | |||
| For his Histories. William Shakespeare drew on the lives of the Plantagenet and Tudor kings who ruled from 1154 to 1547. These were the King Henrys, the Richards and King John, around whom he wove fanciful plots, bloody deeds and heroic tales. He did not tackle the first of the Plantagenet kings, Henry II: that was left for T. S. Eliot, in tie 20th century, who made a classic drama out of the king and his archbishop in Murder in the Cathedral. Henry cemented the Anglo-Norman state. Through his mother's line he was the rightful king of England and through his father he inherited the title Count of Anjou. With his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine he also gained control of her lands, which stretched down to Pyrenees. Scotland, Ireland and Wales, however, formed no part of his kingdom. In order to consolidate his power, he introduced administrative reforms and instigated the system of common law which still operates today, distinguishing English from Continental and Scottish legal systems. But relations between the Church and the State became increasingly strained during Henry's reign. As part of his legal reforms, he tried to end the Church's monopoly of jurisdiction over members of the clergy who | committed secular crimes, and to bring clerics under the law of the land. Thomas Becket, his strong-willed Archbishop and erstwhile friend, balked at this and tension between the two leaders mounted. In 1170 four knights of the royal household took literally the king's wish that someone would "rid me of this meddlesome priest" and murdered Becket on the altar steps of Canterbury Cathedral. Sheep outrage resulted; the Pope placed England under an Interdict and removed it only when Henry agreed lo do penance at Becket's tomb and be publicly whipped for his sins. When Henry II died in 1189, his son Richard came lo the throne. Richard has always been one of England’s most popular kings even though – or maybe because – he spent most of his time in the Holy Land fighting Crusades against the Infidel. Known as Coeur de Lion (Lionheart) for his bravery, he was deeply mourned when killed in France, despite the domestic mess into which his prolonged absence and expensive exploits had plunged the country. It was the injustice at home, presided over in part by Richard's brother and successor John, that produced the legendary Nottingham outlaw, Robin Hood, who, with his Merry Men, preyed on the rich to give to the poor. | ||
| Magna Carta: Every English schoolchild knows that King John was a Bad King. He quarreled with the Pope over his practice of siphoning off the revenues of ecclesiastical estates and over the Papal appointment of Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury. This resulted in another Interdict and John's excommunication. He also caused a rising tide of resentment among the barons, chiefly because he failed in protect their Norman lands from the advances of the French king, Philip Augustus. Another important grievance was that John had imposed high taxes, undermined the power of the feudal courts and taken for himself the fines of offenders which had previously been part of the barons' income. Angered by the king's contempt of them, the barons threatened to take up arms against John unless he agreed to a series of demands on behalf of the people. These became the basis of the Magna Carta (Great Charter) signed at Runnymede near Windsor in 1215. Under its terms, the Church was given back its former rights. The Charter also limited royal power over arrests and imprisonments and prevented the king from expropriating fines. For the barons the main interest was to stop him encroaching on their feudal rights and privileges. | Although history sees the Charter as a milestone, the document on which British freedoms are based, it brought no immediate solution. The Pope condemned it and John defied it and his barons: as soon as he could, he raised troops and ravaged the north. The barons retaliated by turning Louis of France for help, but John died in 1216 before he could cause any more trouble. | ||
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| His son, who became Henry III, proved little better. He filled all the highest posts in Church and State with foreign favorites who flocked to England after his marriage to Eleanor of Province. In 1242 he embarked on a disastrous war with France which ended with the loss of the valuable lands of Poitou. The barons, under Simon de Montfort, rebelled and the king was defeated at the Battle of Le- | |||
| tem of representation was still centuries away. But de Montfort's lust for power soon lost him the support of the barons and in 1266 Henry was restored to the throne where he reigned peacefully, if not very well, until his death six years later. Under Edward I, Henry's son, Wales was conquered and came under the English Crown. Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, was killed in the Battle of Builth on the River Wye and his brother David was captured and executed. The Statute of Wales in I284 placed the country under English law and Edward presented his newborn son to the Welsh people as Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since. | ||
| wes (now the county town of East Sussex). In 1265 de Montfort summoned a parliament, which represented all the chief towns and boroughs and has been called the first House of Commons, although anything approaching a fair sys- | |||
| Ex. 1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту. 1. Why is King John considered to be bad? 2. Why did King John’s practice result in another Interdict? 3. What became the basis of Magna Carta and what was it aimed at? 4. When was the first House of Commons called and who did it represent? 5. Why did Simon de Monfort and the barons rebel? 6. When did a disastrous war with France begin? 7. Why does the heir of the British Crown hold the title Prince of Wales? 8. When did Wales come under the English Crown? 9. Dou think Magna Carta is still a milestone which British freedoms are based on? | |||
| Preceding pages: Brave King Henry V; Bad King John Facing page: Knight's coat of arms | |||
| Scotland's independence: Scarcely had Wales been subdued than the struggle with Scotland began. More than a century earlier King David had united the country – apart from the islands, which were still controlled by the Danes. Gaelic was still the language of the Highlands, but elsewhere most people spoke English and trade links between the two countries had been established. But this did not mean that the Scots had to like the English. | made a treaty with Edward's enemy, the king of France, then crossed the border and ravaged Cumberland. Edward diverted his attentions from France to Scotland. Balliol was captured and imprisoned and the sacred kingmaking Stone of Scone was taken to Westminster Abbey. The struggle against English domination was later renewed by Robert Bruce (1274 – 1329), one of Scotland's greatest heroes. Defeated by the Earl of Pembroke, he | ||
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| When Alexander II died in 1286, rival claimants to the throne arose. The first, John Balliol, son of the founder of Balliol College, Oxford, was persuaded to accept the throne as England's vassal and was crowned at Scone Abbey in Perthshire. But he resented owing allegiance to England and soon In England, the reign of Edward II had little to commend it. His defeat by Bruce paved the way for a Scottish invasion of Ireland. He lost Gascony and thoroughly upset his own barons by appointing his unsuitable friends to high office. Even his wife eventually deserted him and joined his enemy, Roger Mortimer. The pair assumed power and in 1327 Edward was deposed by Parliament, who named his young son king, Edward was later murdered, un mourned, in Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire. As soon as he was old enough, young Edward III, showing little filial loyalty, had his mother incarcerated for life in Castle Rising, Norfolk, and Mortimer executed. Much of his long reign was spent fighting the Hundred Years' War with France, which actually lasted from 1337 to 1453 with several periods of peace. | became a fugitive but re-emerged to be crowned at Scone, and in 1314 defeated the English at Bannockburn in Stirlingshire. Scottish independence was recognized. Robert's daughter Margery married Walter Stewart and their son Robert II came to the throne in 1371, the first Stuart King. These protractedhostilities began when Edward, whose maternal grandfather was Philip IV of France, claimed the French throne. The fortunes of war shifted from one side to the other. At the Battle of Crecy more than 30.000 French troops were killed and the Massacre of Limoges, led by England's Black Prince, left 3.000 dead. But by 1371 the English had lost most of their French possessions. After a long peaceful lull, Edward's claim was revived by his great-grandson, Henry V, immortalised by Shakespeare (and memorably portrayed on film in our own time by Laurence Olivier and Kenneth Branagh) as Prince Hal. With miraculously few English casualties – although rather more than Shakespeare claimed – Henry defeated the French at Agincourt and starved Rouen into submission four years later. By the time of his death in 1422 he controlled all of northern France. | ||
| Ex. 2. Подберите русские эквиваленты к словам, подчеркнутым в тексте. | |||
| Ex. 3. Прочтите и переведите текст с помощью словаря в конце книги. | |||
| Ex. 4.Найдите дополнительный материал, чтобы ответит на вопрос: Why can the name of Bruce be connected with Russia? Preceding page: The Battle of Agincourt, where Henry V defeated the French. | |||
| Plague and Poll Tax: On the domestic front, times were also hard. The Black Death, which reached England in 1348, killed nearly half the population. Followed by lesser epidemics during the next 50 years, it had reduced Britain's population from four million to two million by the end of the century. This had far-reaching effects. By leaving so much land untended and making labor scarce, it gave surviving peasants, and those who came after them, a bet- | duced in 1381 they rose in rebellion, both against the tax and against the landlords' far-reaching effects. "When Adam delved and Eve span / Who was then the gentleman?" the people sang, publicly suggesting for the first time that the social order had not been created by God. Wat Tyler and Jack Straw were the most prominent leaders of the Peasants' Revolt, which gained the support of the urban poor and briefly took control of | ||
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| ter bargaining position. But it also meant that some landlords, unable or unwilling to pay higher wages, tried to force peasants back into serfdom. The more affluent peasants of Kent and East Anglia began to flex their economic muscles and when a Poll Tax was intro- their lords and masters nervous and landlords became more wary about enforcing villeinage. Gradually. The "Yeomen of Old England" who feature in some patriotic songs also emerged as a result of the 14th-century plagues. Landlords found it more profitable to rent out much of their land rather than pay laborers to tend it and in so doing they created a whole new class of yeomen fanners. The name originally meant simply "young men", presumably those with the energy to scratch a living from the often poor pieces of land and convert them, as they gradually did, into valuable smallholdings. In 1399 the Lancastrian Revolution overthrew Richard | London. (A pub called Jack Straw's Castle does a thriving trade on London's Hampstead Heath.) Soon the rebellion was brutally suppressed and Richard II reneged on his promise to abolish serfdom. But this manifestation of "the power of the people had made II and put Henry IV, Duke of Lancaster, on the throne. It was during his reign that the first English heretic was burned at the stake. He was William Sawtrey, Rector of Lynn, in Dorset, and his heresy was preaching the Lollard Doctrines. Lollards were the followers of John Wycliffe, who rejected the authority of the Pope and had the Bible translated into English so that any literate person could understand it. The persecution of the Lollards continued into the next reign when the movement, not strong or organized enough to withstand the pressure, went underground. The demands for change and reform in the Church would resurface successfully 100 years later, when they suited the purposes of the king. | ||
| Ex. 5. Подберите русские эквиваленты к словам и выражениям из текста. domestic front; half the population; far-reaching effects; scarce; surviving peasants; bargaining position; affluent; flex the economic muscles; prominent leaders; gain the support; thriving trade; abolish serfdom; become wary; overthrew; withstand the pressure; yeomen fanners; literate person; scratch a living; persecution; manifestation. Ex. 6. Прочтите и переведите текст с помощью словаря в конце книги. Ex. 7. Объясните строки старинной английской песни: "When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?" Preceding page: Wat Tyler beheaded by the Lord Mayor of London after the peasants revolt watched by Richard (also seen on the right inspecting his troops). | |||
Wars of the Roses: Times were rarely peaceful during these centuries. Foreign wars were fought to gain or retain land and glory, while at home periodic attacks on the throne by rival contenders were equally bloody. Henry IV had to contend with the Rebe
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