Press in the United Kingdom




Recruitment Agencies

If you’re not familiar with how recruitment agencies work, here are a few pointers:

- Recruitment agencies find staff of behalf of an employer.

- Agencies usually have different specialists and strengths. Some will concentrate on your locality; others have vacancies nationwide or overseas. Some may specialize in industrial work; others may concentrate on office work or nursing.

- Finding the right agency means that you can target jobs in a particular occupation or location.

- Agencies can charge employers a fee for their services, but in the UK it’s illegal to charge the jobseeker.

- You can register with as many agencies as you like. This way you get easy access to more job openings. Some test you when you register, especially for jobs in administration where they might give you a typing or word processing test. If you’re concerned about which agencies offer the best service, or what they should be doing on your behalf contact the Recruitment and Employment Confederation, which sets standards for how agencies operate. You can also check out their website, which has links to member companies in addition to details of agency operational guidelines.

 

I. Заполните пропуски, используя следующие предлоги:

a) through b) out c) on d) for e) about:

1. It’s very noisy, I can’t concentrate... my work.

2. Don’t bother me, I’m travelling... a cite.

3. Can you help me to find... the information?

4. Do you remember that you didn’t pay... service?

5. John concerns... our business trip.

 

II. Подберите определение для каждого термина:

1. leaflet a) a general rule, instruction or piece of advice
2. apprenticeship b) a job or profession with opportunities for progress or promotion
3. agency c) a printed sheet of paper, usually folded and free of charge, containing information  
4. guideline   d) the position or periods of working for a skilled employer, usually for low wages, in return for being taught
5. career e) business or organization providing a specified service

 

III. Заполните пропуски, используя следующие слова: a) familiar with b) hard to know c) get access d) was rebranded e) sets standards:

1. It’s not my idea. The government … and I only follow them.

2. She is a very unsociable person. It is very … about her private life.

3. Our firm … in 1995.

4. I think you are not … Maria. Let me introduce you to her.

5. This is a State secret, you can’t … to it.

 

IV. Закончите предложения, выбрав верный вариант:

1. There are advertisements of different vacancies a) to pay agencies for their service.
2. After graduating from the University or college b) means that you will be satisfied with your future job.
3. Careers centers give you the information about c) you are able to check out your local careers centers.
4. Employers have d) in papers, job centers, magazines, websites and so on.
5. Finding the right agency e) training opportunities, University and college courses, apprenticeships and so on.

 

V. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту (T), а какие нет (F):

1. A jobseeker can be charged a fee for the agency’s service.

You can register only with one agency.

3. You can learn about agencies work by going into contact with Recruitment and Employment Confederation.

4. Connexion Centers give you only the information about vacancies what are on offer.

5. Recruitment agencies differ from each other. They pay their attention to different points.

 

Text C

Applying for a job

You’ve found the job of your dreams, perhaps there isn’t a job advertised, but you know who you want to work for and you’re going to apply anyway. And now you are worrying about your CV. So how do you make an employer notice you? So we’ll show you how to get an interview. Whether an employer asks you to complete an application form, send a CV or apply online we’ll show you the basics of a good application and what to expect when your application hits their desk.

Covering Letters

Always send a covering letter with any CV or application. This is your opportunity to grab the employer’s attention and make a positive impression. However, if it’s badly presented, you won’t get very far. Covering letters need careful planning.

Format

- You should write your letter on one side of a good quality paper, A4, plain, white paper and use black ink. Unless a handwritten letter is requested, word-processed is best – it looks more professional.

- Use a clear, readable font – Times New Roman, Helvetica and Arial are good choices. If a handwritten letter is requested, make sure it’s clear, neat and smudge-free.

- Aim for no more than three or four paragraphs and keep sentences short.

- Make sure you’ve got good, wide margins and put two line spaces between each paragraph to make it look neater.

- Make sure your letter has both your address and the prospective employer’s address at the top.

- If known, address the letter to a named person, e.g. the one who advertised the vacancy. If no particular name was mentioned, “Madam/Sir”.

- If the letter is addressed to a named person, end it with “Sincerely yours”. If not, use “Yours faithfully”.

 

Sample Covering Letter

Kenmore Road

Littlestown

Fitness First LT 12 9BH

Lake Road 01456783460

Littlestown

LT1 5MX 1st December 2006

 

Dear Mr. Sands

Re: Fitness Instructor FF/32

I’m writing to apply for the job of Fitness Instructor, as advertised in Thursday’s Courant. This is an ideal job for me given my enthusiasm for sport, my related experience and qualifications.

Sport and fitness training have always been important to me, which is why I chose to take a BTEC Diploma in Sports Science. I obtained distinctions in the Sports Anatomy & Physiology and Sports Injuries modules last year and am confident that I will get similar marks in Exercise Physiology, Mechanics of Sport and Sports Supervision & Management this year. I am confident user of Microsoft Office 2000 and have worked extensively with Fitness Publisher, a program for analyzing fitness.

As you can see from my CV, I’ve taken the opportunity to gain extra qualifications that were on offer at college, which has helped me get part-time work as a pool attendant. I’m called on to provide cover during busy times so am used to working irregular hours at short notice. I’ve also run a lunchtime aerobics class at college since the start of this year.

I finish college in six weeks and am keen to find a job rather than carry on with further full-time study. I could start any part time work or training sooner as many of my classes are finishing and most of my assignments are done. I look forward to hearing from you.

 

 

Sincerely yours

 

Louise Langford

 

I. Заполните пропуски, используя следующие предлоги:

a) in b) for c) to d) from (2):

1. I advise you to apply … this job.

2. This deal is very important … me.

3. I’ll complete this report … two weeks.

4. She was very glad to hear this news … you.

5. As you can see … CV I have a good experience.

 

II. Найдите в правой колонке русский эквивалент для английских словосочетаний.

1. application form a) завладеть чьим-то вниманием
2. get wide margins b) анкета
3. handwritten letter c) письмо, написанное от руки
4. grab one’s attention d) жду с нетерпением ответа
5. look forward to hearing from you e) оставлять широкие поля

 

III. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту (Т), а какие нет (F):

1. You’ll complete an application form, that’s why there is no need to send a CV.

2. You should write your letter on two sides.

3. Your sentences should be extended.

4. If you don’t know the name of the person who advertised the vacancy write Madam or Sir.

5. Your letter should be planned before you send it.

 

IV. Закончите предложения, выбрав верный вариант:

1. I missed a lot of lessons a) because it was badly planned.
2. She left her job b) that’s why I can get only part-time job.
3. Learn me please c) that’s why I couldn’t take my diploma.
4. I must study d) because she didn’t want to work for Mr. Smith.
5. Your project was turned down e) how to make our Executive Manager notice me.

 

V. Заполните пропуски, используя следующие слова:

a) addressed to b) there is no need c) make impression on d) grab men’s attention

e) aim for:

1. - I must call the Browns.

- … to do it. I’ve already called them.

2. She isn’t beautiful, but she knows how to ….

3. He is lazy, irresponsible, and careless but he knows how to … the employers.

4. Why did you take this letter? It wasn’t … you.

5. I … attending these courses even once a year.

 

Text D

Interviews

Interviews are scary as hell. But they’re much better when you’re prepared. An interview also gives you the chance to find out if the job and employer live up to your expectations, too. You’re interviewing them as much as they’re interviewing you.

How to impress interviewers:

Most people make up their mind about you in the first few minutes, so first impressions are all important. If you can make people feel positive about you as soon as you enter the room, the whole interview will be a lot easier.

Create a good first impression instantly by:

- Making sure you look clean, smart and crease-free

- Smiling, making eye contact and shaking hands with them

- Using a clear and confident voice

What follows will be “a conversation with a purpose”, and that purpose is to find out where you’re suitable for the job and if that job is right for you.

Six ways to impress:

- Be a good listener. Let your interviewer know that you’re listening attentively by nodding, using facial expressions that make you look interested, and asking them to expand on subjects that genuinely interest you. But never interrupt your interviewer.

- Be honest. If you don’t understand a question, ask an explanation. If you’re faced with something you really can’t deal with, the truthful about it – it’s more impressive than pretending to have the answer to everything. Use get-out phrases like “that’s something I’d need time to think about” or “that’s outside my present experience” to give yourself a bit of breather.

- Be consistent. Many interviewers ask the same things in different ways as means of checking you out. Listen to yourself as well as to them. If you feel you’ve made a mistake, put things right by saying, “going back to what I said earlier about … what I really meant was…”

- Avoid the temptation to talk too much. If there are awkward silences when you’ve finished saying what you want, don’t fill them with nervous chatter. Some interviewers use silence to see how you’ll react. Pass the lead back to them by pleasantly saying: “Does that answer your question?” don’t inundate the interviewer with information they don’t need.

- Be aware of your body language. Looking your interviewer in the eye is essential, but don’t overdo it. A smile sets everyone at ease, but a constant grin is unnerving. Try to sit up straight. Leaning forward makes you appear attentive and enthusiastic.

- If you’re not asked about something that you feel is important, raise the subject yourself. This is your one chance to sell yourself, so don’t waste the opportunity.

 

I. Найдите в правой колонке русский эквивалент для английских словосочетаний:

1. to be suitable for the job a) составлять впечатление о ком-то
2. shake hands b) создавать первое впечатление
3. make up mind about somebody c) пожимать руки
4. pass the lead back d) подходить для работы
5. create first impression e) передавать инициативу

 

II. Укажите, какая информация содержится в тексте (Y), а какая нет (N):

1. How you should look like.

2. How to create a good first impression.

3. How to use your body language.

4. How to fill the pauses.

5. How to spend an evening before the interview.

 

III. Заполните пропуски, используя следующие слова:

a) sets b) lives up c) avoid the temptation d) faced with e) wasting this opportunity:

1. I can’t forgive myself for …; it was the best chance in my life.

2. Your behavior … everyone to feel unpleasant.

3. He is very busy. Try … to waste his time.

4. This offer doesn’t … to my claims.

5. Can you help me? I … a very difficult problem.

 

IV. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту (Т), а какие нет (F):

1. If there is a pause try to fill it by retelling for example a funny story from your life.

2. Try to show you know something about everything.

3. Don’t think over about possible questions, improvisation is better.

4. Try to retell about your skills, even the employer doesn’t ask about them.

5. Try to smile during all the interview.

 

V. Закончите предложения, выбрав верный вариант:

1. Your questions a) to find out whether you are suitable for this job and if it is right for you.
2. Are you sure this subject b) asking you the same things in different ways.
3. Carefully thought out answers c) make people feel stupid.
4. Employers control your honesty by d) give you a bit of breather.
5. The purpose of the interview is e) genuinely interests you?

 

TEXT E

RESUME

An excellent resume may help you get the job of your dreams and a poor resume may mean a lost opportunity.

Since this is the first piece of information a company will receive about you, it is critically important that your resume be well-written.

It should be presented at the beginning of any interview that you have with a company. Ideally, resume should not be longer than one page.

The contents of a resume can be categorized as: 1) personal information (address and telephone number) 2) job objective, 3) education, 4) experience, 5) skills, 6) extracurricular activities, 7) references

The resume begins with personal information, name, address, telephone number centered at the top page.

After your address, a statement of intent or job objective should be written. It should not be too general, eg: "To obtain a managerial position in a Western company."

Think about your job search and career goals carefully, write them down in a way that shows you have given this much thought.

For example: "Objective: To obtain a position in telecommunication that will allow me to use my knowledge of engineering and take advantage of my desire to work in sales."

Notice that your desire to have a well-paid job is not included in this statement. A focus on money in your resume's first sentence will not make the best impression anywhere in the world, not just in Russia.

After the statement of intent, describe your education.

List the universities, institutes and colleges you have attended in reverse chronological order.

Any studying you have done abroad should be included and courses that you have taken that are relevant.

- If you graduated with honors, you should definitely include this. A "red diploma" can be called "graduated with high honors" in English. Do not include your high school.

- Your working experience is the next section. List your experience starting with your most recent place of employment and work backwards. Spell out the exact dates of employment, your position, and the name of the company you worked for.

Provide information about your responsibilities, emphasizing important activities by listing the most relevant to your objective. Do not use complete sentences! List your responsibilities in short statements that do not include the words "my" or "I".

Following experience, you should list your special skills. These include your language skills, computer abilities, and any other talent that relates to your statement of intent.

When describing your language abilities, it is best to be honest about assessing your level, "Fluent English," "native Russian," "intermediate German", and "beginning French" are all ways to describe your language abilities. Extracurricular activities should be included in the next section. Student or professional organizations you belong to, travel, sports and hobbies should be listed here. Do not list "reading" or "writing" as an activity. It is assumed most people with a higher education do these things regularly. The last section of your resume is the reference section. List at least two people, not related to you, who can describe your qualification for the job. Their names, titles, places of work, and telephone numbers should be included. If you do not have space on your resume for this, write "Available upon request." You will then be expected to give this information to a prospective employer if it is requested. The style and format of a resume are extremely important. Your resume must be typed, preferably on a computer in order to format it most effectively. A neat and well-written resume with no spelling mistakes will give an employer the impression that you are accurate and take care of details. A resume will not get you a job. An interview with a company will get you a job. In order to have the opportunity of interviewing with a company you should send your resume with a cover letter.

I. Подберите синонимы для следующих слов:

1. to obtain a) wish
2. objective b) possibility
3. desire c) to begin
4. to start d) to supply
5. space e) to receive
6. opportunity f) goal
7. to provide g) place

II. Заполните пропуски, использую следующие предлоги:

a) upon b) to c) in d) at e) of f) with (2) g) for h) on i) about:

1. Special skills include your language skills, computer abilities, and any other talent that relates … your statement of intent.

2. Extracurricular activities should be included … the next section.

3. It is assumed most people … a higher education do these things regularly.

4. List … least two people, not related to you, who can describe your qualification for the job.

5. A neat and well – written resume with no spelling mistakes will give an employer the impression that you are accurate and take care … details.

6. If you don’t have space on your resume for this, write “available … request”.

7. The resume begins … personal information, name, address, telephone number centered at the top page.

8. It is best to be honest … assessing your level.

9. Give the full name of the company you worked ….

10. The resume should be typed … a computer.

III. Найдите в правой колонке русский эквивалент для английских словосочетаний:

1. a well-paid job a) заканчивать с отличием
2. to make the best impression b) языковые умения
3. in reverse chronological order c) заявление о намерении
4. job search d) оценивать уровень
5. to graduate with high honors e) производить самое лучшее впечатление
6. recent place of employment f) сопроводительное письмо
7. statement of intent g) в обратном хронологическом порядке
8. language skills h) поиск работы
9. cover letter i) хорошо оплачиваемая работа
10. to assess one’s level j) последнее место работы

 

IV. Подберите определение для каждого понятия:

1. resume a) the activity outside the regular course of work or studies at a school or college
2. reference b) the ability to do smth well
3. experience c) a brief account of smb’s previous career, usually submitted with an application for a job
4. extracurricular activity d) the process of gaining knowledge or skill over a period of time through seeing and doing rather than through studying  
5. skill e) a written statement about smb’s character or abilities, especially when they are applying for a new job

 

V. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тесту (T), а какие нет (F):

1. The resume begins with personal information, name, address, telephone number centered at the top page.

2. A focus on money in your resume’s first sentence will make the best impression on the employer.

3. While writing about your working experience you should start with your first place of employment.

4. You should list your responsibilities in short statements that do not include the words “my” or “I”.

5. Information about your studying in high school should be included in a resume.

6. Your resume must be typed, preferably on a computer in order to format it most effectively.

7. While describing your education you should list universities, institutes and colleges you have attended in direct chronological order.

 

VI. Расположите данную информацию в нужной последовательности в резюме:

1. A statement of intent or job objective.

2. Describe your education.

3. Personal information, name, address, telephone number.

4. List your special skills.

5. Extracurricular activities.

6. Your working experience.

7. Reference section.

 

VII. Ознакомьтесь с образцом резюме и составьте подобное, используя данные о себе.

  RESUME
1. NAME/SURNAME Marina Smirnova
2. AGE 14 October, 1974
3. MARITAL STATUS Single
4. CONTACT TELEPHONE 412 70 81
5. LANGUAGES English (fluent) - translating, interpreting and negotiating skills German (basic)
6. EDUCATION A fourth-year student at the evening department of the Institute of Foreign Relations (MGIMO)
7. COURSES AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING 1994-1995 Typing and computer courses 1994-1995 Interpreting courses
8. WORK EXPERIENCE 1992-1995 - JSC, Poliphondis Securities Assistant General Director 1995 - MADI Institute (Automobile Institute, Economics department) Translator/Interpreter, Office Assistant
9. SALARY HISTORY $700 per month including lunch
10. COMPUTER SKILLS Word for Windows, EXCEL, Norton Commander
11. PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE 1. Oral and written translation 2. Travel arrangement 3. Meetings and negotiations arrangement 4. Business letters and contracts making 5. Carrying out administrative duties about the office 6. Working with clients, marketing experience  
12. INTERPERSONAL QUALITIES Good communication skills, energetic, well-organized, flexible, friendly, honest, responsible, intelligent

UNIT IV MASS MEDIA

Text A

Press in the United Kingdom

The daily circulation of papers in Britain is just over 14 million copies, which is about 3 papers for every 4 households.

All British papers can be classified into two major groups: quality and popular papers.

A quality paper is a serious national paper that aims at the educated reader. Quality papers contain detailed news coverage and comment, authoritative editorials, a wide range of topical features written by experts in their field, arts and literary reviews and much professional advertising. The quality papers are the «Times», the «Guardian», the «Independent», the «Daily Telegraph» and the «Financial Times».

A popular paper is a newspaper whose format and content is designed for the undemanding reader. Most popular papers are tabloids, i.e. papers with small-size pages (conventionally about 30 cm by 40 cm). They have brief and direct news reports and a large number of photographs. Emphasis is put on personal stories (especially when sensational, or involving a figure in the public eye such as a member of the royal family), and importance is also given to sports and to entertaining features such as cartoons and contests.

Newspapers in Britain are mostly owned by individuals or by big publishing companies called the «empires», not by the government or political parties. The editors of the newspapers are usually allowed considerable freedom of expression. This is not to say that newspapers are without political bias. The political tendency of quality papers varies from conservative (the «Daily Telegraph») or independent/conservative (the «Times» and the «Financial Times») to centre (the «Independent») and liberal (the «Guardian»). Popular tabloids like the «Daily Express», the «Daily Star» and the «Sun», for example, usually reflect conservative opinion in their comment and reporting, while (the «Daily Mirror» has a more left-wing bias.

In addition to national daily newspapers there are nine national papers published on Sundays. Most of «Sundays» contain more reading matter than daily papers, and several of them include «colour supplements » — separate colour magazines which contain photographically-illustrated feature articles. There is also quite a number of regional paper -usually evening papers or weeklies.

 

I. Выберите английский эквивалент для следующих русских слов:

1. содержать

a) to contribute b) to contain c) to consume d) to connect

2. реклама

a) advertise b) advice c) advertising d) advantage

3. значение

a) importance b) improvement c) invitation d) impatience

4. развлекать

a) to enrich b) to involve c) to emerge d) to entertain

5. конкурс

a) comparison b) condition c) contest d) confidence

6. редактор

a) edit b) edition c) editor d) editorial

7. отражать

a) to reduce d) to reflect c) to recruit d) to regard

8. тираж

a) consequence b) circumstance c) consideration d) circulation

 

II. Найдите в правой колонке русский эквивалент для английских словосочетаний:

1. a quality paper a) формат и содержание
2. educated reader b) издательство
3. detailed news coverage and comment c) авторитетная передовица
4. an authoritative editorial d) образованный читатель
5. format and content e) предоставлять значительную свободу в выражении
6. a tabloid f) подробный обзор новостей и комментарий
7. a publishing company g) материал для чтения
8. without political bias h) цветное приложение
9. reading matter i) без политической ориентации
10. a colour supplement j) еженедельная газет
11. a weekly k) серьезная газета
12. to allow considerable freedom l) газета небольшого формата

 

III. Заполните пропуски следующими предлогами:

a) at b) for c) to d) by e) on f) into:

1. British papers can be classified … two major groups: quality and popular papers.

2. A quality paper aims … the educated reader.

3. The format of a popular paper is designed … the undemanding reader.

4. Emphasis is put … personal stories (especially when sensational, or involving a figure in the public eye such as a member of the royal family).

5. In a popular paper importance is also given … sports and entertaining features such as cartoons and contests.

6. Newspapers in Britain are mostly owned … individuals and big publishing companies.

 

IV. Дайте определение для каждого сочетания или слова:

1. a quality paper a) are papers published on Sundays.
2. a popular paper b) are papers with small size pages with brief and direct news report and a large number of photographs.
3. tabloids c) is a serious national paper that aims at the educated reader.
4. “Sundays” d) are separate colour magazines which contain photographically illustrated feature articles.
5. “Colour supplements” e) is a newspaper whose format and content is designed for the undemanding reader.

 

V. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту (Т), а какие – нет (F):

1. The daily circulation of papers in Britain is just over 14 million copies.

2. A popular paper is a newspaper whose format and content is designed for the educated reader.

3. Newspapers in Britain are owned by the government or political parties.

4. In addition to national daily newspapers there are nine national papers published on Sundays.

5. The editors of the newspapers are usually allowed considerable freedom of expression.

 

Text B

Press in the USA

In 1986 a total of 9 144 newspapers (daily, Sunday, weekly) appeared in the USA. Newspapers are published in 34 different languages.

Most daily papers in the USA are of the «quality» rather than the «popular» variety. Among the 20 newspapers with the largest circulation only two or three regularly feature crime, sex and scandal. The paper with the largest circulation, «The Wall Street Journal», is a very serious paper indeed.

It is often said that there is no «national press» in the United States as there is in Great Britain, for instance. In one sense this is true. There are no official or government-owned newspapers in the USA. There is no state censorship, that is, court or judges cannot stop a story from being printed or published. Most daily newspapers are distributed locally, or regionally. People buy one of the big city newspapers in addition to small local ones. A few of the best-known newspapers, such as «The Wall Street Journal» can be found throughout the country. There has been one attempt to publish a truly national newspaper, «US Today». But it has only a circulation of 1,2 million and can only offer news of general interest.

In another sense, however, there is a national press, one that comes from influence and the sharing of news. Some of the largest newspapers, such as «The New York Times», «The Washington Post» and «The Los Angles Times» are at the same time news-gathering businesses, or news services. They not only print newspapers, but also collect and sell news, news features and photographs to hundreds of other papers in the USA and abroad. These newspapers have great national and international influence, spreading far beyond their own readers.

In addition, these newspapers and others, such as «Christian Science Monitor», «The Baltimore Sun» оr the «Milwaukee Journal» are frequently mentioned among papers of international excellence. In a large international survey of newspaper editors, «The New York Times» was ranked by most as «the world's top daily».

American newspapers get much of their news from the same source as all newspapers in the world – the two world’s largest news agencies AP (Associated Press) and UPI (United Press International). Neither of them is owned, controlled or operated by the government. They have thousands of subscribers – newspapers, radio and television stations and other agencies which pay to receive and use the news and photographs in more than 100 countries of the world.

 

I. Выберите английский эквивалент для следующих русских слов:

1. появляться

a) appearance b) appear c) attend d) attendance

2. например

a) instant b) instead c) for instance d) instance

3. цензура

a) census b) censor c) century d) censorship

4. местный

a) local b) locality c) locally d) localize

5. попытка

a) attitude b) agreement c) advanced d) attempt

6. влияние

a) influence b) influential c) informal d) independence

7. печатать

a) to publish b) to prove c) to predict d) to print

8. собственный

a) owner b) owing c) own d) owe

 

II. Найдите в правой колонке русский эквивалент для английских словосочетаний:

1. it is often said a) распространение новостей
2. a government owned newspaper b) бизнес «сбора новостей»
3. to offer news of general interest c) выходить далеко за пределы
4. the sharing of news d) часто говорят
5. a news gathering business e) к тому же, вдобавок
6. a news service f) газета международного класса
7. to spread far beyond g) предлагать новости нового порядка
8. in addition h) газета, принадлежащая равительству
9. a paper of international excellence i) агентство новостей
10. an international survey j) одинаковый источник
11. to be ranked as k) подписчик
12. the world’s top daily l) платить за получение и использование новостей и фотографий
13. the same source m) международный обзор
14. a subscriber n) квалифицироваться как
15. to pay to receive and use the news and photographs o) лучшая газете в мире

 

III. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту (T), а какие – нет (F):

1. American newspapers are published in 34 different languages.

2. Most daily papers in the USA are of the popular variety.

3. Most daily newspapers are distributed locally or regionally.

4. There are some official or government – owned newspapers in the USA.

5. American newspapers not only print newspapers, but also collect and sell news and photographs to hundreds of other papers in the USA and abroad.

6. The world's largest news agencies are owned, controlled or operated by the government.

 

IV. Укажите вопросы, ответов на которые нет в тексте:

1. What is press in the USA characterized by?

2. What are the two major kinds of daily newspapers in the USA?

3. What kind of reader does each type aim at?

4. Why do we say that there is no national press in the USA?

5. What are the American newspapers of international excellence?

6. What political opinion do American newspapers reflect?

7. What is a “tabloid”?

8. What source do many American newspapers get their news from?

 

Text C

Journalism: Historical Survey

(from the beginning to the 18th century)

Originally journalism included only such printed matter as newspapers and periodicals. In the 20 th century, however, it includes other media used to broadcast news, such as radio, television, and documentary or newsreel films. The earliest known journalistic production was the Acta Diurna (Daily Events) of ancient Rome; in the 1 st century BC Julius Caesar ordered these hand-written news bulleting to be posted each day in the Forum. It contained coverage of social and political events: elections, public appointments, government edicts, treaties, trials and executions, military news, births, marriages and deaths. The Acta Diurna was written in manuscripts. A similar approach to publishing news was undertaken in China from the 6 th to the 20 th century. The first printed newspaper, produced from wood blocks, appeared in Beijing in the 7 th or 8 th century AD. In China during the Tang dynasty a court circular called a pao, or “ report ”, was issued to government officials. This gazette appeared in various forms and under various names more or less continually to the end of the Ch’ing dynasty in 1911. In the mid-15 th century, wider and faster circulation of news was made possible by the invention in Europe of moveable type.

Germany, the Netherlands, and England produced newsletters of various sizes in the 16 th and 17 th centuries, and in France the magazine or literary journal developed in the late 17 th century. The first newspapers consisted of foreign news reports, because home news was forbidden. The first English news-sheet, published by Nicholas Bourne and Thomas Archer on May 23, 1622, was called the “Weekly News from Italy, Germany, Hungaria, translated out of the low Dutch copy”. It was not until the abolition of the Star Chamber in England in 1641 that journalists were allowed to report the proceedings of Parliament. However parliamentary reporting was forbidden again in 1660, and when the first daily newspaper was introduced in the United Kingdom, the Daily Courant in 1702, it contained no home news. It was not until the introduction of the Daily Post in 1719 and the Daily Journal in 1720 that journalists were again permitted to report on home news stories. By the early 18 th century politicians had begun to realize the enormous potential of newspapers in shaping public opinion. Consequently the journalism of the period was largely political in nature; each political group had its newspaper. It was during this period that the great English journalists flourished, among them Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele. At this time the long struggle for freedom of the press began.

 

I. Какое слово не является синонимом слова, стоящим в начале строчки:

1. bulletin

a) account b) news flash c) report d) sick list

2. journal

a) magazine b) shop c) periodical d) tabloid

3. to publish

a) to issue b) to publicize c) to register d) to distribute

4. invention

a) creation b) development c) inversion d) discovery

5. various

a) different b) fabulous c) diverse d) variegated

 

II. Подберите определение для каждого термина:

1. periodical a) the reporting of new, events etc.,
2. newsreel b) the number of copies of a newspaper, magazine, etc regularly sold to the public
3. coverage c) a magazine, etc that is published at regular intervals    
4. gazette d) a short cinema film of recent events  
5. circulation e) an official journal with public notices and lists of government

 

III. Укажите верный ответ согласно тексту:

1. How often was the Acta Diurna posted in the Forum?

a) once a week b) each day c) each month d) twice a week

2. What made circulation of news wider and faster in the mid-15 th century?

a) the invention of printing machine b) the invention of telegraph c) the invention of moveable type d) low price for paint

3. When was the literary journal developed in France?

a) in the late 17 th century b) in the mid-17 th century c) at the beginning of 17 th century

d) after the 17 th century

 

 

4. What happened in 1641?

a) journalists were allowed to report home news b) the first journalistic conference was held c) journalists were forbidden to highlight foreign events d) journalists were permitted to highlight foreign events

5. What was the name of the first daily newspaper introduced in the United Kingdom in 1702?

a) the Daily Post b) the Daily Journal c) the Daily Courant d) the Daily News

 

IV. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту (Т), а какие нет (F):

1. At first, the term journalism implied only newspapers and radio.

2. The first printed newspaper appeared in China.

3. The first newspapers in Europe contained no home news.

4. The first English news-sheets had very short names.

5. The first known journalistic production was published in ancient Rome.

 

V. Расположите данные события в хронологическом порядке:

1. Political aspects of press.

2. Evolution of newspapers in China.

3. Preliminary information.

4. The development of journalism in Ancient Rome.

5. European press in the 17 th -18 th centuries.

 

Text D

History of public relations

The use of publicity and press against agents in the 19 th century might never have merged into public relations had not been for American corporations. Far from being interested in gaining the public’s goodwill, most business leaders expressed either indifference or contempt for the public.

These attitudes were dangerous during an era when the public was becoming hostile to big business. During the first years of the 20 th century investigative reporters began to write sardonic articles about corruption in business and government. Many of these works were carefully documented and first appeared in magazines in 1902 – 4. It was in this social climate that corporations decided to promote themselves in a positive way. Among the first enterprises that sought favorable publicity were the railroads. They hired the Publicity Bureau, a Boston organization founded in 1900. During the next few years several more organizations were founded simply to create good publicity for corporations. Many were started by newspapermen.

One of the leaders in the development of public relations as a profession was Ivy L. Lee, a business reporter for the New York World. In 1903 Lee left his reporting job to manage the campaign of Seth Low for mayor on New York City. The next year he was hired as a press agent for the Democratic National Committee. In the next few years, after organizing a PR firm, he worked as publicity director for the Pennsylvania Railroad and for mine owners in Pennsylvania whose employees were on strike. Instead of trying to suppress the news, Lee was open with reporters.

World War I forced government into the PR business. In 1917 President Woodrow Wilson authorized creation of the Committee on Public Information, headed by George Creel. At a time when there was no radio or television, the committee conducted a national campaign to mobilize public support meetings in major cities as Charlie Chaplin and Mary Pickford arose patriotism.

In the period after the war there was a rapid growth of public relations as an industry. The journalist Walter Lippmann published his book “Public Opinion” in 1922. a year later Edward L. Bernays published “Crystallizing Public Opinion”, the first book on public relations as a profession. Many of today’s large public relations firms were founded in the years immediately after World War I.

After World War II the public relations industrygrew and prospered. By the late 1980s there were more than 2.000 PR firms in the United States and many more in other countries. Proffessonalizaion was encouraged by the founding of the Public relations Society of Americas (PRSA) in 1948 by combining the National Associations of Public Relations Counsel (founded 1936) and the American Council on Public Relations (1939). Early schooling for PR was mostly in the journalism departments of universities. Edward Bernays taught a PR course at New York University in 1923, three years after the subject was included in the curriculum at the University of Illinois. The first school on Public relations was established by Boston University in 1947.

 

I. Cоставьте возможные словосочетания:

1. conduct a) somebody’s goodwill
2. press b) way
3. gain c) growth
4. positive d) meetings
5. rapid e) agents

 

II. Заполните пропуски, используя следующие слова:

a) magazines b) article c) reporter d) enterprise e) news:

1. His … is the biggest in our region.

2. I want to be a ….

3. Who is the author of this …?

4. What … do you usually buy?

5. This … is very bad.

 

III. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту (Т), а какие нет (F):

1. Most business leaders of the 19 th century expressed either indifference or contempt for the public.

2. The first school of public relations was established by Edward Bernays in 1923.

3. Lee was the first press agent who was open with reporters and who didn’t try to suppress the news.

4. PR business developed rapidly during World War I.

5. Professionalism in the field of PRs was not needed until recent times.

 

IV. Подберите определение для каждого термина:

1. public relations a) news media and agencies collectively, esp. newspapers
2. reporter b) relating to people as a whole
3. journalism c) a person who is employed to gather news for a newspaper, news agency, or broadcasting organization
4. public d) the practice of creating a favorable image among the public towards an institution, public body, etc.
5. press e) the profession of reporting about photographing or editing new stories for one of the mass media

 

V. Укажите верный ответ согласно тексту:

1. What was one of the first enterprises that sought favorable publicity?

a) engineering plants b) coal mines c) railroads d) automobile plants

2. Who organized the first PR firms?

a) Edward B. Benays b) Ivy L. Lee c) Walter Lippmann d) Charlie Chaplin

3. Where was the first school PRs established?

a) in Boston b) in Dnever c) in New York City d) in Washington

4. What were the main functions of the committee on Public Information?

a) to discuss global problems b) to inform people about the life of film celebrities

c) to mobilize public support for the war d) to retell about interesting events happening in the world

5. Who headed the Committee on Public Information?

a) Woodrow Wilson b) George Creel c) Ivy L. Lee d) Mary Pickford

 

Text E

Yellow journalism

Yellow journalism is the use of shocking features and sensationalized news in newspaper publishing to attract readers and increase circulation. The phrase was coined in the 1890s to describe the tactics employed in furious competition between two New York City newspapers, the World and the Journal. The term itself derived from the phrase Yellow Kid journalism, referring to the Yellow Kid, a cartoon (1895) in the New York World, a newspaper having a reputation for sensationalism.

Joseph Pulitzer had purchased the New York World in 1883 and, using colorful, sensational reporting and campaigns against political corruption and social injustice, had won the largest newspaper circulation in the country. His supremacy was challenged in 1895, when William Randolph Hearst, the son of a California mining industrialist, moved into New York City and bought the rival Journal. Hearst, who has already built the San Francisco Examiner into a hugely successful, mass-circulation paper, soon made it plain that he intended to do the same in New York City by outdoing his competitors in sensationalism, crusades and Sunday features. He brought some of his staff from San Francisco and hired some away from Pulitzer’s paper, including Richard F. Outcault, a cartoonist who had drawn an immensely popular comic picture series, “The Yellow Kid,” for the Sunday World. After Outcault’s defection, the comic was drawn for the World by George B. Lucks, and the two rival picture series excited so much attention that the competition between the two newspapers came to be described as “yellow journalism.” This rivalry and its accompanying promotion developed large circulations for both papers and affected American journalism in many cities.

The era of yellow journalism may be said to have ended shortly after the turn of the century, with the World’s gradual retirement from the competition in sensationalism. Some techniques of the yellow-journalism period, however, became more or less permanent and widespread, such as banner headlines, colored comics, and copious illustration.

 

I. Подберите определение для каждого термина:

1. news a) a number of copies of an issue of such publications as newspapers, magazines, etc.;
2. cartoon b) a humorous or satirical drawings, esp. one in a newspaper or magazine, concerning a topical event;
3. sensational c) current events; important or interesting recent happenings;
4. to hire d) to employ a person to do some work for an agreed payment, usually for an agreed period;
5. circulation e) causing or intended to cause intense feelings, esp. of curiosity, horror, etc;

 

II. Заполните пропуски подходящими словами:

1. Yellow journalism is the use of sensationalized news in newspapers publishing to … circulation.

a) provide low b) increase c) decrease d) vary

2. The era of yellow journalism has … shortly after the turn of the century.

a) begun b) revived again c) ended d) interrupt

3. In 1895 William Randolph Hearst, the son of a … mining industrialist, moved into New York City and bought the Journal.

a) California b) Minnesota c) Colorado d) San Francisco

4. Hearst hired some of his staff away from the New York World, including …

a) George B. Licks b) Joseph Pulitzer c) Richard F. Outcault d) Yellow Kid

5. The rival picture series of the World and the Journal excited … that the competition between the two newspapers was described as “yellow journalism.”

a) a lot of dispute b) so much attention c) so many attention d) gossip

 

 

III. Какое слово является лишним (неверным):

       
a) sensational a) sensationalized a) furious a) Pulitzer’s paper
b) World b) Journal b) Examiner b) Yellow Kid
c) Joseph Pulitzer c) Samuel Beckett c) William Hearst c) Richard Outcault
d) cartoonist d) industrialist e) publisher e) journalist
e) circulation e) comic e) San Fransico e) illustration

 

IV. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту (Т), а какие нет (F):

1. Richard F. Outcault first drew his comic pictures for the Journal.

2. The owner of the New York World was Hearst.

3. The distinctive features of yellow journalism are sensational and scandalous news coverage, the use of drawings and the inclusion of comic strips.

4. Some techniques of the yellow-journalism period are successfully used nowadays.

5. The term “yellow journalism” can be applied to New York City newspapers only.

 

V. Расставьте пункты плана по порядку:

1. a) World’s gradual retirement
2. b) Pulitzer’s methods of going supremacy
3. c) Origin of the term.
4. d) Newspaper business of W.R. Hearst.
5. e) Yellow journalism techniques.

 

Text F

The shooting begins

If you were to see a casual photographer around town and called him a paparazzi, beware; he might be tempted to throw his camera at you, especially if he considers himself to be a photojournalist. So what's the difference you may ask? The answer is in the meaning of paparazzi, "buzzing insects." In 1960, these pesky freelance journalists were immortalized in Federico Fellini's internationally popular film La Dolce Vita, Italian for "The Sweet Life." La Dolce Vita focuses on the life of a jaded journalist, Marcello (played by Marcello Mastroianni), and his photographer colleague, Paparazzo (Walter Santesso). The origin of the name Paparazzo is disputed, but its onomatopoeic resemblance to the Sicilian word for an oversize mosquito, papataceo, made it apt to compare with Fellini's statement: "Paparazzo suggests to me a buzzing insect, hovering, darting, stinging." Fellini also drew an image of the character in which he describes; the drawing is of a human-like figure that has no bone structure and instead, looks like a vampirish insectile, implying that paparazzi, like mosquitoes, are also parasites.

After the movie was first released in Italy, the word paparazzi became synonymous with intrusive photographers who chase the stars to get that revealing act on film. However, Fellini said it was not the photographers he tried to emulate. Fellini claimed that he was putting newspapers and weeklies on film, and many of the vignettes that make up the movie refer directly to news stories. He wanted to capture the paparazzi-inspired events where reporters often begged involved parties for a story. However, it was the freezing-frenzied movements in the pictures captured by the photographer that sparked viewer interest, even for Fellini. "It recreates life in movement," he once stated.

The incorporation of the word paparazzi into the English language is indefinitely tied to La Dolce Vita when it was released in the United States in 1961. Time magazine introduced the word to the American public in an article entitled, "Paparazzi on the Prowl." Included is a paparazzi picture of throngs of reporters blocking the car of a princess visiting Rome. The text discloses "a ravenous wolf pack of freelance photographers who stalk big names for a living and fire with flash guns at a pointblank." Soon, the term would be spread across the pages of major news and entertainment publications across the globe, often accompanied by incriminating photos of the stars. Publications that were soon to follow this trend included Esquire, Cosmopolitan, and Life magazine. It was later introduced on the television screen by popular news-oriented shows like 60 Minutes. But no matter what the medium used to report on these "celebrity bounty hunters," it was clear that paparazzo was a



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