Marketing mix (n) | the combination of four P's |
Option (n) | Choice |
Objective (n) | Goal |
Competitor (n) | rival, opponent |
Channel of distribution (n) | the path goods take when moving from manufacturer to customer |
Wholesaler (n) | one who sells in large amounts to retailers |
Retailer (n) | one who sells in small amounts to customers |
Promotion (n) | communication between buyer and seller |
Satisfy (v) | Please |
Charge (v) | set at a price |
Price with the market (v) | charge an average price |
Persuade (v) | Convince |
Take place (v) | occur, happen |
Personal (adj) | private, relating to an individual |
An Accounting Overview
Accounting is frequently called the "language of business" because of its ability to communicate financial information about the organization. Various interested parties, such as managers, potential investors, creditors, and the government, depend on a company's accounting system to help them make informed financial decisions. An effective accounting system, therefore, must include accurate collecting, recording, classifying, summarizing, interpreting, and reporting of information on the financial status of an organization.
In order to achieve a standardized system, the accounting process follows accounting principles and rules. Regardless of the type of business or the amount of money involved, common procedures for handling and presenting financial information are used. Incoming money (revenues) and outgoing money (expenditures) are carefully monitored, and transactions are summarized in financial statements, which reflect the major financial activities of an organization.
The work of accountants is rather sophisticated. People who specialize in the field of accounting are known as bookkeepers and accountants. Bookkeepers deal in taxes and different business transactions of the company. The accountant's responsibility is to analyze and interpret the financial data and make it understandable for users. In the United States, accountants are usually classified as private, government, and public. Private accountants work solely for private companies or corporations that hire them to maintain financial records, and governmental accountants work for governmental agencies. Both private and governmental accountants are paid on a salary basis, whereas public accountants receive fees for their services. Public accountants work independently and provide accounting services such as auditing and tax computation to companies and individuals.
Many accountants have special certificates after they pass examinations in Institute of Accountants. Certified accountants in England are called chartered accountants. In the USA the certified accountants are called certified public accountants (СРЛ).
Through effective application of commonly accepted accounting systems, accountants provide accurate and timely financial information
that is necessary for organizational decision-making. No expansion or reorganization is planned without them. New products and advertising campaigns are also prepared with the help of the accountant.
Nouns | Существительные |
accounting | бухгалтерский учет |
accountancy | бухгалтерское дело, счетоводство |
audit | аудит |
auditing | аудит как предмет |
tax computation | расчет налогов |
accountant | бухгалтер-аналитик |
bookkeeper | бухгалтер-счетовод |
asset | актив |
liability | пассив, обязательство |
party | сторона-участник |
posting | проводка, разноска по счетам |
balance | 1) баланс, 2) остаток |
financial status | финансовое положение |
financial statement | финансовый отчет |
transaction | транзакция |
revenue | доходы |
expenditure | расходы |
payroll | платежная ведомость |
salary | зарплата (служащих) |
Nouns | Существительные |
fee | гонорар |
chartered accountant | аудитор в Англии |
certified public accountant (CPA) | аудитор в США |
Verbs | Глаголы |
collect | собирать |
record | регистрировать |
classify | классифицировать |
summarize | обобщать |
total | сводить |
interpret | интерпретировать |
report | отчитываться, докладывать |
handle | обращаться, управляться с чем-либо |
post | разносить |
withdraw | удерживать (из зарплаты) |
present | представлять |
adjectives & Adverbs | Прилагательные и наречия |
sophisticated | сложный, запутанный |
standardized | стандартизованный |
certified | сертифицированный |
accurate | точный |
timely | своевременный |
solely | только, единственно |
independently | независимо |