Действительный залог
Времена группы Indefinite
Present Indefinite
Past Indefinite
Future Indefinite
I ask You ask He asks She asks It asks We ask You ask They ask
Утвердительная форма
I asked You asked He asked She asked It asked We asked You asked They asked
Вопросительная форма
I shall ask You will ask He will ask She will ask It will ask We shall ask You will ask They will ask
Do I ask? | Did I ask? | Shall I ask? | ||
Do you ask? | Did you ask? | Will you ask? | ||
Does he ask? | Did he ask? | Will he ask? | ||
Does she ask? | Did she ask? | Will she ask? | ||
Does it ask? | Did it ask? | Will it ask? | ||
Do we ask? | Did we ask? | Shall we ask? | ||
Do you ask? | Did you ask? | Will you ask? | ||
Do they ask? | Did they ask? | Will they ask? | ||
Отрицательная форма | ||||
I do not (don't) ask | I did not (didn't) ask | I shall not (shan't) ask | ||
You do not (don't) ask | You did not (didn't) ask | You will not (won't) ask | ||
He does not (doesn't) ask | He did not (didn't) ask | He will not (won't) ask | ||
She does not (doesn't) ask | She did not (didn't) ask | She will not (won't) ask | ||
It does not (doesn't) ask | It did not (didn't) ask | It will not (won't) ask | ||
We do not (don't) ask | We did not (didn't) ask | We shall not (shan't) ask | ||
You do not (don't) ask | You did not (didn't) ask | You will not (won't) ask | ||
They do not (don't) ask | They did not (didn't) ask | They will not (won't) ask | ||
Времена группы Continuous | ||
Present Indefinite | Past Indefinite | Future Indefinite |
Утвердительная форма | ||
I am asking | I was asking | I shall be asking |
You are asking | You were asking | You will be asking |
He is asking | He was asking | He will be asking |
She is asking | She was asking | She will be asking |
It is asking | It was asking | It will be asking |
We are asking | We were asking | We shall be asking |
You are asking | You were asking | You will be asking |
They are asking | They were asking | They will be asking |
Вопросительная форма | ||
Am I asking? | Was I asking? | Shall I be asking? |
Are you asking? | Were you asking? | Will you be asking? |
Is he asking? | Was he asking? | Will he be asking? |
Is she asking? | Was she asking? | Will she be asking? |
Is it asking? | Was it asking? | Will it be asking? |
Are we asking? | Were we asking? | Shall we be asking? |
Are you asking? | Were you asking? | Will you be asking? |
Are they asking? | Were they asking? | Will they be asking? |
Отрицательная форма | ||
I am not asking | I was not asking | I shall not be asking |
You are not asking | You were not asking | You will not be asking |
He is not asking | He was not asking | He will not be asking |
She is not asking | She was not asking | She will not be asking |
It is not asking | It was not asking | It will not be asking |
We are not asking | We were not asking | We shall not be asking |
You are not asking | You were not asking | You will not be asking |
They are | They were not asking | They will not be asking |
Времена группы Perfect | ||
Present Indefinite | Past Indefinite | Future Indefinite |
Утвердительная форма | ||
I have asked | I had asked | I shall have asked |
You have | You had asked | You will have asked |
He has asked | He had asked | He will have asked |
' She has asked | She had asked | She will have asked |
It has asked | It had asked | It will have asked |
1 We have asked | We had asked | We shall have asked |
You have asked | You had asked | You will have asked |
They have asked | They had asked | They will have asked |
Вопросительная форма | ||
: Have I asked? | Had I asked? | Shall I have asked? |
Have you asked? | Had you asked? | Will you have asked? |
Has he asked? | Had he asked? | Will he have asked? |
[Has she asked? | Had she asked? | Will she have asked? |
1 Has it asked? | Had it asked? | Will it have asked? |
Have we asked? | Had we asked? | Shall we have asked? |
I Have you asked? | Had you asked? | Will you have asked? |
1 Have they asked? | Had they asked? | Will they have asked? |
сказуемым, а прямым дополнением — то, что стоит после сказуемого, и от перемены их мест меняется смысл.
Поэтому в русском языке, когда совпадают формы именительного и винительного падежей, возможен только один вариант: подлежащее — сказуемое — прямое дополнение.
В английском же языке эти формы всегда совпадают, поэтому и возможен только один данный вариант; исключения допускаются лишь при стилистических инверсиях. Эта закономерность в построении английского предложения и помогает находить сказуемое в предложении.
Как правило, прямое дополнение редко отделяется от сказуемого другими членами предложения, поэтому данный способ нахождения сказуемого оказывается весьма рациональным. Перед прямым дополнением может иногда стоять косвенное, но поскольку оно в этом случае также не имеет предлога, принцип нахождения сказуемого остается тот же.
Рассмотрим ряд более сложных предложений с точки зрения нахождения сказуемого. Например: This building / houses / a fifty ton crane / of the latest American make. Разделив предложение на именные группы, определим, что второй беспредложной группой в предложении является fifty ton crane, поэтому сказуемое должно стоять непосредственно перед ней; следовательно, houses и есть сказуемое данного предложения — глагол в Present Indefinite в 3-м лице единственного числа, хотя это слово знакомо нам больше как существительное, слово же make оказывается существительным, так как стоит в конце именной группы, начинающейся с предлога of, хотя оно знакомо нам больше как глагол.
Если не пользоваться формальными признаками для ориентировки в тексте и переводить слова в порядке их следования в оригинале, то легко принять слово houses за знакомое нам существительное во множественном числе, слово building — за определение к нему, а слово make — за знакомый глагол. В результате перевод превратится в бессмысленный набор слов.
Теперь, когда найдено сказуемое, легко обнаружить, что This building — подлежащее, houses — сказуемое, a fifty ton crane — прямое дополнение, of the latest American make — предложное определение (определение с предлогом) к слову crane. После этого уже можно переводить предложение, подыскивая соответствующие значения в словаре для слов houses как глагола и make как существительного. Перевод. Это здание вмещает 50-тонный кран последнего американского образца (производства).
Находить сказуемое по подлежащему, как это обычно практикуется, часто не так легко, потому что подлежащее, выраженное существительным, может быть окружено большим количеством определений, особенно постпозитивных, т. е. стоящих после существительного с предлогами. Такие определения затрудняют быстрое нахождение сказуемого. Прямое же дополнение, если оно имеется, всегда следует непосредственно за сказуемым и служит верным признаком того, что перед ним стоит сказуемое. Например:
Present Indefinite | Past Indefinite | Future Indefinite |
Отрицательная форма
I have not (haven't) asked | I had not (hadn't) asked | I shall not have asked |
You have not (haven't) asked | You had not (hadn't) asked | You will not have asked |
He has not (hasn't) asked | He had not (hadn't) asked | He will not have asked |
She has not (hasn't) asked | She had not (hadn't) asked | She will not have asked |
It has not (hasn't) asked | It had not (hadn't) asked | It will not have asked |
We have not (haven't) asked | We had not (hadn't) asked | We shall not have asked |
You have not (haven't) asked | You had not (hadn't) asked | You will not have asked |
They have not (haven't) asked | They had not (hadn't) asked | They will not have asked |