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Civil Service All Over the World

(fromhttps://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/109620#Making_of_Civil_Service_through_merit)

Brazil

Civil servants in Brazilare those working in the executive, legislative and judicial branches of the federal government, state government, municipal government and the Government of Brasilia, including congressmen, senators, mayors, ministers, the president of the republic, and workers in Government-owned corporation.

Civil servants are hired on the basis of entrance examinations. There are several companies with a government mandate to conduct the testing; the best known are CESPE, which belongs to the University of Brasilia, the Getulio Vargas Foundation, ESAF, and the Cesgranrio Foundation, which is part of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. The positions are filled according to examination score and the number of vacancies.

Canada

Canada's public service is a body with less than 10 departments and 450,000 members, including commissions, councils, crown corporations, the Office of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Each provincial government also has its own public service.

In 2010, all provincial governments' public service were employing a total of more than 350 000 persons^. When taking into account the three levels of governance in Canada (federal; provincial and territorial; local) for the same year, the Canadian public service in general employs more than 3.6 million individuals, which represents 21.2 % of all jobs in the country.

France

The civil service in France (fonction publique) is often considered to include government employees, as well as employees of public corporations.TheCivilServiceisalsosometimesincorrectlyreferredtoasthe administration, but, properlyspeaking, the administration isthecompoundofpublicadministrationsandpublicadministrativeestablishments, nottheiremployees.AbouthalfofthecivilservantsareemployedintheFrenchpubliceducationsystem.MostemploymentpositionsintheFrenchcivilserviceareopentocitizensoftheEuropeanUnion. Others, especiallyinpoliceandjustice, arespecificallyreservedfornationals, whileaminorityareopenregardlessofcitizenship.

India

The Civil Service exams in India is conducted by Union Public Service Commission. Union Public Service Commission conducts Civil Service Examinations every year to select officers for the All India Civil Services and the Central Civil Services (Grade A and Grade B). The examination is a three stage process which consists of Civil Services Aptitude Test CSAT (Earlier Civil Services Preliminary Examination), Main Examination and the Interview.

The entry to All India Civil Services and the Central Civil Services (Grade A and Grade B) is through the All India Combined Competitive Examination for the Civil Services conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) in different centers spread all over the country. However, recruitment to the Indian Forest Service is through a different procedure. Entry into the State Civil Services is through a competitive examination conducted by every state public service commission. Close to 3.5 lakhs of candidates apply every year for the 400 to 500 vacancies that may arise.

Ireland

The civil service of Ireland includes the employees of the Department of State (excluded are governmentministers and a small number of paid political advisors) as well as a small number of core state agencies such as the Office of the Revenue Commissioners, the Office of Public Works, and the Public Appointments Service. The organization of the Irish Civil Service is very similar to the traditional organization of the British Home Civil Service, and indeed the grading system in the Irish Civil Service is nearly identical to the traditional grading system of its British counterpart. In Ireland, public sector employees such as teachers or members of the country's police force, An Garda Síochána are not considered to be civil servants, but are rather described as "public servants" (and form the Public service of the Republic of Ireland).

Spain

The civil service in Spain (funcionariado) is often considered to include government employees, "Comunidades Autónomas" employees, as well as municipal employees. There are three main categories of Spanish civil services; political posts ("puestos de libre designación, level 28-30") requiring simple or no examinations, posts called "funcionarios de carrera" requiring an examination, and "personal laboral" posts, also with an exam similar to that for the "funcionarios de carrera". Examinations differ among the states, the 17 autonomic communities and the city councils, and the "funcionarios" and "personal laboral" exams vary in difficulty from one location to another.

United States

In the United States, the civil service was established in 1872. The Federal Civil Service is defined as "all appointive positions in the executive, judicial, and legislative branches of the Government of the United States, except positions in the uniformed services.".

In the early 19th century, government jobs were held at the pleasure of the president — a person could be fired at any time. The spoils system meant that jobs were used to support the political parties. This was changed in slow stages by the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883 and subsequent laws. By 1909, almost 2/3 of the U.S. federal work force was appointed based on merit, that is, qualifications measured by tests. Certain senior civil service positions, including some heads of diplomatic missions and executive agencies are filled by political appointees. Under the Hatch Act of 1939, civil servants are not allowed to engage in political activities while performing their duties.

The U.S. civil service includes the Competitive service and the Excepted service. The majority of civil service appointments in the U.S. are made under the Competitive Service, but certain categories in the Diplomatic Service, the FBI, and other National Security positions are made under the Excepted Service.

U.S. state and local government entities often have competitive civil service systems that are modeled on the national system, in varying degrees.As of January 2007, the Federal Government, excluding the Postal Service, employed about 1.8 million civilian workers. The Federal Government is the Nation's single largest employer. Although most federal agencies are based in the Washington D.C. region, only about 16% (or about 288,000) of the federal government workforce is employed in this region.There are currently 15 federal executive branch agencies and hundreds of sub-agencies.

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