SD-Stylistic Devices
EС-Emotional Colouring
The extract under consideration tells a story of a young man who …
The fragment under interpretation (study, analysis) represents a piece of emotive prose …
The present story tells the tragedy of the poor family …
This is the surface plot of the story.
The story (episode) represents the conflict (collision) between …
The action dramatically develops and achieves the culminating point.
The basic theme of the "Forsyte Saga" may be defined as the life of the English middle class at the end and after the Victorian epoch.
There are two more (several) by-themes in this piece of prose.
The by-themes in this story are as follows:...
The main problem may be defined (formulated, capsulized) in the following way:...
In the story (novel, play, poem) the writer (playwright, poet) dwells upon (raises, touches upon) the problem of... to reveal (convey, express) the idea of... (that)...
The idea is revealed in the final passage / in the episode where... / in concluding-sentence.
The idea (gist, message, epitome, the main line of thought) can be stated as follows: … to carry (reveal) the author’s message.
The writer's viewpoint is expressed (revealed, implied) by …
The author’s vision (perception) of life/ world outlook transmits to the reader his own philosophy of life (his ethic and moral code).
… is depicted (described, portrayed) by the writer by means of …
The author’s digression reveals his vision of life…
The writer digresses from the plot of the story to reveal (convey) his attitude to... (his view on...).
The narration is done in the 1st (the 3rd) person.
The main character is the narrator of his own feelings, thoughts and intentions.
The story-teller pThe general (prevailing, predominant) mood (tone, slant) of the extract is humorous, satirical, lyrical, pathetic, gloomy and dramatic, cheerful, melodramatic, pessimistic or optimistic, emotional or dry and matter-of-fact, etc.
The extract may be divided into (split into)... / falls into 3 logically complete parts.
They can be entitled as...
Every passage (part) has a key-sentence.
The suggested extract represents a 3rd Person Narration (a 1st Person Narration) interlaced (interwoven, intermingled) with dialogue, character drawings, a description, a satirical portrayal of society, a historical event, the inner monologue of the leading character, with the author's digression where he speculates upon the problem of...
The writer makes an abundant use of …
The compoortrays his characters by means of a convergence of SDs, such as...
The portrayal of literary personages is done skillfully (masterfully, with great skill).
The description (portrayal, narration) may be vivid, convincing, powerful, meaningful, highly emotional, unemotional, suggestive, etc.
The 4th part is focused on John Smith.
The author focuses (his attention) on the character’s inner world.
The author depicts the life of …
The subject of depiction in the 2nd part is...
The passage opens with the atmosphere of growing suspense (excitement, nervousness, fright, etc).
The paragraph abounds in (is abundant in) slang set-phrases.
sitional structure of the extract (fragment) is based on parallelism
The writer uses (makes use of, employs, resorts to) common colloquial vocabulary, juridical terminology (law terms) to give the narration (to lend) more authenticity and objectivity/ to lend the story a humorous ring/ to make the story sound melodramatic (sentimental etc).
It testifies to the writer’s mastery (skill).
This detail (fact, expression, devParallelism (parallel constructions are) is accompanied by anaphora (framing, etc).
These paragraphs stand in sharp contrast to each other.
The paragraph is built in sharp contrast to the following one. The contrast is reflected (manifested) in the language, both in syntactical and lexical means.
The paragraph is in full accord (accordance) with the preceding one as far as its idea goes.
The author (story-teller) draws a gloomy (majestic, miserable, etc) picture of...
ice) is suggestive of …/ is highly informative.
It suggests that...
It helps the reader guess (realize, come to the conclusion etc) (that) …
It leaves much for the reader’s guesswork.
The syntactical pattern of the sentence (paragraph) is suggestive (informative, meaningful).
The syntactical pattern (structure, design) is peculiar (is broken, is violated).
He resorts to high-flown (elevated) words to convey the inner tragedy of his personage.
There is a discrepancy between the bookish, elevated vocabulary and the trivial (banal) situation with ordinary men doing everyday things (or the daily routine of ordinary men).
It usually produces a humorous (ironical) effect.
It reveals the writer's ironical attitude to …
It is used as a means of irony.
The writer makes use of various language means to depict (portray, convey, reveal etc) …
The author digresses from the thread of' narration (the topic of story).
To pursue his aim the author employs (resorts to, adheres to, uses) …
The author converses with the reader as if he has an interlocutor before him. (The reader is involved into the events of text.)
The author lays bare (exposes, unmasks, condemns, touches upon, dwells on, delineates, highlights, stresses, underlines, ridicules, mocks at, accentuates)...
The author lays (puts, places) emphasis (stress) on …
The writer carries the idea to the mind of the reader through...
The SD is the indicator (signal) of the character’s emotions (emotional tension, mixed feelings).
The SD stresses (underlines, discloses, accentuates, emphasizes, is meant to point out, throws light on, highlights, adds to, contributes to, heightens, enhances, intensifies, gives an insight into, explains and clarifies, serves to provide the text with additional emphases) …
The satirical (humorous, ironical) effect is heightened (enhanced, intensified, augmented) by a convergence of SD and EС in the paragraph.
The SD contributes (adds) to the same effect (the effect desired by the author, the effect the author strives for, a more colourful and emotional presentation of the scene).
The SD adds importance to the indication of the place (time, manner) of action that is suggestive (illustrative, expressive) (it indicates where and when the scene is laid).
The SD is suggestive (illustrative, expressive, explicit, implicit) of …
The SD and EM are linked and interwoven to produce a joint impression (are aimed at achieving the desired effect).
The SD wants (needs) interpreting, decoding. It prepares the ground for the next sentence (paragraph).
The SD makes explicit what has been implied before (lends additional expressiveness). It is implicit in nature, makes the utterance arresting, enables the author to convey the feelings and emotions of the character, reveals the character's low (high) social position, indicates the step the character occupies in the social ladder, serves best to specify the author's (character’s) attitude to..
There is no direct indication of that. It is understood indirectly through (perceived through)...
The title (SD) is highly informative (symbolic, emotive, emotionally coloured, emphatic).
The SD suggests a definite kind of informational design.
It is to the word "..." that prominence must be given. If we analyse the intonational pattern of the sentence we see that to the word "..." is given a strong (heavy) stress.
Looking deeper into the arrangement of the utterance we come to the conclusion that...
The reader traces the marked partiality of the writer for his personage.
In order to impose (impress) on the reader his attitude towards the character the author employs...
Leading gradually up to the hidden idea that he is pursuing the writer makes the reader feel...
The most convincing proof of the idea is...
We’ll discuss the implication the following sentence suggests...
Hints and suggestive remarks (implications and suggestions) are scattered all over the text...
On a more careful observation it becomes obvious that...
It is worth while going a little deeper into the language texture.
The idea is hidden between the lines in order to grasp the author's idea.
The word (sentence) is charged (loaded, burdened) with implication (connotation).
The SD suggests a touch, of authenticity (plausibility) to the narrated events (it makes the reader believe that the narrated events have actually taken place in real life).
The episode is presented through the perception of the character (this type of presenting a picture of life as if perceived by a character that creates the so-called effect of immediate presence).
The SD serves as a clue to the further development of the action.
The plot unfolds (itself) dynamically (slowly).
Stylistic Devices
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| Alliteration | commencement of closely connected words with the same letter or sound * cool, calm and collected; *sing a song of sixpence; |
| Paradox | statement contrary to accepted opinion; seemingly absurd though well-founded statement; paradox is often based on anticlimax; * “I must be cruel to be kind” W. Shakespeare * “What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young.” B. Shaw *“I can resist anything but temptation.” O. Wilde |
| The effect of defeated expectancy | when the outcome is contrary to what was expected; |
| Parallelism | is the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter. * One life to live One love to give One chance to keep from falling One heart to break One soul to take us Not for sake us (Alex Band - Only One) |
| Chiasmus | inversion in second phrase of order followed in first (reversed parallelism) * To stop too fearful and too faint to go |
| Lyrical digression | diversion from the main plot; |
| Allegory | narrative description of a subject under guise of another having similarities to it *Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress” describing life as journey |
| Antithesis | a structure consisting of two antonyms *”It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness...” Ch. Dickens |
| Personification | attribution of personal nature to abstraction or thing; * The wind whispered through dry grass. |
| Pun | realization of two meanings of the same polysemantic word (or a pair of homonyms) with the repetition of the central word *Did you hit the woman with a child? No, I hit her with a brick. |
| Antonomasia | use of a proper name to express a general idea or to characterize a person by it * a Solomon – a wise man; Miss Sharp, Mr Credulous [ˈkredjuləs]-доверчивый |
| Sarcasm | bitter, socially or politically aimed irony; *“I didn’t attend the funeral, but I sent a nice letter saying I approved of it.” Mark Twain |
| Irony | mockery based on the clash of two diametrically opposite meanings within the same contexts; * I posted a video on YouTube about how boring and useless YouTube is. |
| Detachment | a part of the sentence isolated from the rest of the sentence by a full stop or a comma; * And he walked slowly past again, along the river - an evening of clear, quiet beauty, all harmony and comfort, except within his heart. |
| Suspense | Suspense is the intense feeling that an audience goes through while waiting for the outcome of certain events. It basically leaves the reader holding their breath and wanting more information. The amount of intensity in a suspenseful moment is why it is hard to put a book down. |
| Metaphor | application of name or descriptive term or phrase to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable * a glaring error; food for thought; leave no stone unturned; |
| Metonymy | substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant (“crown” for king, “the turf” for horse racing); * White House doesn’t comment the present situation. |
| Allusion | indirect reference to some literary, historical or mythological object or character “Don’t act a Romeo in front of her.” – “Romeo” is a reference to Shakespeare’s Romeo |
| Denouement [deɪˈnu:mɑ:ŋ] | unravelling of plot or complications, final resolution in play or novel; |
| Climax | series of words or phrases arranged in order of increasing importance; event or point of greatest intensity or interest, culmination, apex; |
| Simile | writer’s reference to thing or person with explicit comparison to it as illustration or ornament * as dead as a doornail; life’s like a dome of many-colored glass |
| Anadiplosis | figure of speech when the final word or phrase of a clause or sentence is repeated at the beginning of the following clause or sentence; *“The mountains look on Marathon – And Marathon looks on the sea…” Lord Byron |
| Epiphora | repetition of word or phrase at the end of successive clauses or sentences; *"If you did know to whom I gave the ring, If you did know for whom I gave the ring And would conceive for what I gave the ring And how unwillingly I left t he ring, When nought would be accepted but the ring...." W. Shakespeare |
| Anaphora | repetition of word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences; * My life is my purpose. My life is my goal. My life is my inspiration. |
| Hyperbole [haɪˈpə:bəlɪ] | exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally; * My grandmother is as old as the hills. Your suitcase weighs a ton! |
| Aposiopesis | sudden breaking-off in speech; *"She resurrected nothing but the cat…." Mark Twain |
| Epithet | adjective expressing quality or attribute; |
| Onomatopoeia | formation of words or names from sounds that resemble those associated with the object or action to be named, or that seem naturally suggestive of its qualities * bang, splash, smash, cuckoo; hiss; sizzle; plop *Dog goes woof Cat goes meow Bird goes tweet and mouse goes squeek Cow goes moo Frog goes croak and the elephant goes toot |
| Oxymoron | figure of speech with pointed conjunction of seemingly contradictory expressions (e.g. faith unfaithful; falsely true; shouted silently); |
| Zeugma | figure of speech using a verb or adjective with two nouns, to one of which it is strictly applicable while the word appropriate to the other is not used * "....two separate people who happened to be sharing a menu and a life. " A.Tan |
| Litotes [ˈlaɪtəuti:z] | ironical understatement, especially expressing of an affirmative by the negative of its contrary * She was n’t a small woman This picture is not bad |