The field which you major in and the title of your future thesis
I work in the field of....
My major interest is in the field of....
My scientific research deals with the problems of... which is in the field of....
The title of my future thesis is....
I work under the guidance of professor...
My tutor is....
The research I am doing now is a part of a bigger work../ within the framework of the academic research conducted by professor.../a group of scientists...
This work is devoted to an important problem into which too few scientists have researched until now.
Earlier studies of this subject show that the problem has not been yet properly explored.
Words and word combinations
analysis [q'nxlIsIs] n (pl -ses) анализ, исследование, подробное рассмотрение critical analysis — критический анализ
advanced research — перспективные исследования
basic research — фундаментальные исследования
to be engaged in research — заниматься научно-исследовательской работой
This research covers a wide field —исследования охватывают широкую область
after the study of the matter — после изучения этого вопроса …
humane studies — гуманитарные науки
history and allied studies — история и родственные ей предметы
pilot study – предварительное, экспериментальное исследование
desk study – чисто теоретическое исследование
thorough examination — а) всестороннее исследование; б) тщательное изучение (материала)
to carry on an investigation — проводить исследовательскую работу
the scientific method of inquiry — научный метод исследования
The main aims of your research work and the tasks to fulfill
My study deals in the problems of.../is devoted to the investigation of...
It touches upon the problems of...
The main purpose/goal/aim of it is...to find out/to define/to characterize/explore/ to investigate/to analyse/to gain/.....
It is aimed at.....
I set myself a task to/of...
the tasks that face us /that we are faced with/are as follows....
Its objectives are the following:
Data for the study and methods to be used, results and use
Words and word combinations
We must apply.... to finding a solution — мы должны применить...., чтобы решить эту задачу
comparative [experimental] method of investigation — сравнительный [экспериментальный] метод исследования
his method is to compare different versions — его метод состоит в сопоставлении разных вариантов
there are several methods of doing this — существует несколько способов сделать это
a method that is attended by some risk — метод, связанный с некоторым риском
convenient method — подходящий метод
to approximate to a solution of the problem — подходить к решению задачи
To use... approach(to) - подход
interdisciplinary approach — подход с точки зрения различных наук
We began the work by collecting material —Мы начали работу со сбора материала
we have two problems before us — перед нами две задачи
data for study — материал исследования
laboratory data — данные лабораторных исследований
adequacy of data — достоверность данных
acceptance of a theory — согласие с какой-л. теорией
application of a theory in actual practice — применение теории в практической деятельности
the backbone of the theory — основа теории
to back up a theory with facts — подкрепить теорию фактами
to construct a theory — создать теорию
the results of the experiment contradicted this theory/agreed with the theory — результаты опыта шли вразрез сэтой теорией/согласовывались с теорией
How to analyse an article
1. Look at the title of the article. It`s the key to understanding what the article will be about. Usually the title attracts readers` attention. How does the title of your article evoke readers` interest?
2. Does the writer use any special graphic effects? Are there any illustrations in the article? What are they used for?
3. Look through the text. What is its main topic? What field is it in? What is its main idea?
4. Pay attention to some specific information given in the text. It may be geographic names, contractions, proverbs, idioms, etc. Try to guess their role in the text and the idea of the writer.
5. Write out some words which you don`t understand. Look up their translation in the dictionary.
6. Start with...
“It’s an abstract from the article (research) work of a famous/well-known/major/ journalist(scientist, historian, linguist, economist, theorist, analyst, practitioner, etc.). The article is taken from the newspaper (journal…). It was published…
The article I’ve just read deals with the problems of...
The article might be regarded a part of a bigger research which deals in...
The main topic of this article is...
This chapter is devoted to...
The main questions touched upon by this chapter/article/work are numerous. They are...
This original paper/article/work addresses itself to some of the central issues in (the relevance theoretic research, modern economic theory of... etc)
The aim of the article is to investigate/explore/show/help understand/ some of the issues of...
This chapter/article provides an outline of the theoretical basis of...
7. Now read the text more carefully. What parts can you divide it into? How many parts are there?
8. Work on each part of the text (the parts the text falls into may show as paragraphs). What is the main idea of each part? Entitle each part.
9. Try to find the key statements in each part and put them down. They may be 1-2 sentences from each paragraph/part of the text.
Use the following phrases:
Several paragraphs of the article investigate...(the distinction, the features, characteristics of..)
In (the) other part(s) of the article/chapter the author explores.. (the role of the theoretic notion of...)
Some of the central issues dealt with in this part are.....
The author shows...
combines ideas of...
assumes that...
further develops the idea that...
examines the data received from.../the matter/major theoretic perspectives of...
explores the methodological issues of...
pays tribute to....
By concentrating on....., the authors analyze how.....
This exploration provides a description of......, and also reveals the nature and significance of.....
10. Now add some details to the sceleton. They can be from the text - some interesting facts that illustrate the theory or what not. Think of some opinions of your own: what do you think of this or that idea of the author? Is this matter interesting for you? Does it go with your own research? Do you agree with the hypotheses presented? Let your statements be noticeable and attracting attention so as to wake those who are reading (listening)...
Use:
Let’s see how the author proves (that).....
I would like to point out that...
I would like to attract your attention to the following...
To my opinion this supposition/idea/ is...
We should bear in mind that...
I would rather prefer to consider.... /take it like this:....
As for me I don’t think that...
I’m afraid but...
I do not quite agree that...
I cannot but praise...(the work of this author.. etc.)
Here is an example of how an article can be analysed:
Banks Need More Capital
GLOBAL financial intermediation is broken. That intricate and interdependent system directing the world's saving into productive capital investment was severely weakened in August 2007.
For a year, banks struggled to respond to investor demands for larger capital cushions. But the effort fell short and in the wake of the Lehman Brothers default on September 15th 2008, the system cracked. Banks, fearful of their own solvency, all but stopped lending. Issuance of corporate bonds, commercial paper and a wide variety of other financial products largely ceased. Credit-financed economic activity was brought to a virtual standstill.
The world faced a major financial crisis.
For decades, holders of the liabilities of banks in the United States had felt secure with the protection of a modest equity-capital cushion, allowing banks to lend freely. As recently as the summer of 2006, with average book capital at 10%, a federal agency noted that "more than 99% of all insured institutions met or exceeded the requirements of the highest regulatory capital standards."
Today, fearful investors clearly require a far larger capital cushion to lend, unsecured, to any financial intermediary. When bank book capital finally adjusts to current market imperatives, it may well reach its highest levels in 75 years, at least temporarily. It is not a stretch to infer that these heightened levels will be the basis of a new regulatory system.
How much extra capital, both private and sovereign, will investors require of banks and other intermediaries to conclude that they are not at significant risk in holding financial institutions' deposits or debt, a precondition to solving the crisis?
The insertion, last month, of $250 billion of equity into American banks through TARP halved the post-Lehman surge. Assuming modest further write-offs, simple linear extrapolation would suggest that another $250 billion would bring the spread back to near its pre-crisis norm. This arithmetic would imply that investors now require 14% capital rather than the 10% of mid-2006. Such linear calculations, of course, can only be very rough approximations. But recent data do suggest that, while helpful, the Treasury's $250 billion goes only partway towards the levels required to support renewed lending.
Even before the market linkages among banks, other financial institutions and non-financial businesses are fully re-established, we will need to start unwinding the massive sovereign credit and guarantees put in place during the crisis, now estimated at $7 trillion. The economics of such a course are fairly clear. The politics of draining off that much credit support in a timely way is quite another matter.
Dec 18th 2008 From The Economist print edition
1. The title of the article seems to be evident. It`s about the banking sector and its financial problems.
2. The title is written in an easy language understandable to readers that`s why there are no any illustrations to the text.
3. The main topic of the article is financial crisis and the way the banks can overcome it. The main idea of the article is that the crisis can be solved by using extra money from the investors.
4. All the letters in the first word in the article (GLOBAL) are capitalised. The author deliberately wrote it in this manner to emphasize the scale of the crisis – it covered the whole world. All the banks suffered from it.
TARP – Troubled Asset Relief Program
The journalist uses some data – percentage and figures (money the banks deal with). Probably he tries to be objective in showing the state of the banks before and during the crisis.
5. Capital cushion – запас капитала
Solvency – платёжеспособность
liabilities – пассивы
6. The article is taken from the newspaper The Economist. It was published on Dec 18th 2008.
The article might be regarded a part of a bigger research which deals in analysis of the data before and after the crisis.
The author stresses that after the crisis most banks stopped lending and their economic activity became weaker. Also the aim of the article is to show the way out of the crisis.
7. The text can be logically divided into 5 parts.
1. Introduction to the state of the problem.
2. The history of the crisis: how it started in the banking sector and what it caused.
3. The banks in America facing the crisis.
4. The comparison between finances in 2006 and 2008.
5. What can be done?
8. 1. The paragraph is about the financial crisis that became international and caused damage.
2. The paragraph tells us about the default on September 15th 2008 which provoked the crack of the system. As a result, many banks were unable to provide their clients with financial products.
3. The author reports that earlier, before the crisis the banks could lend freely and meet all the requirements of the capital standards. During the crisis the bank need a larger capital cushion to lend.
4. The main idea of the paragraph is to show that more capital is needed to support renewed lending - $250 billion.
5. The financial expenses account to $7 trillion.
9. 1. The key statements of the first paragraph: productive capital investment was severely weakened, financial intermediation is broken.
2. The system cracked, all but stopped lending, financial products largely ceased, faced a major financial crisis.
3. Fearful investors, unsecured, to any financial intermediary.
4. Bring the spread back to near its pre-crisis norm, linear calculations, recent data.
5. The market linkages among banks, financial institutions and non-financial businesses are fully re-established.
10. To my mind, the journalist rendered the current state of affairs among American banks. He compared the figures of different years to show the damage
caused by the crisis. He also accentuated the way of solving the crisis.
So, the idea put in the article was reached. In my opinion, the writer was objective and proved the data by certain figures and facts.