VOCABULARY
Nouns
1. country['k۸ntri] -1. страна; 2. родина
a highly developed[di'veləpt] country -высокоразвитая страна
a developing country - развивающаяся страна
2. nation [neiʃn] - 1. страна, государство; 2. народ, нация, народность
3. nationality[,næʃә'næliti] -национальность
4. peopl e ['pi:pl] - 1. народ, нация; 2. люди
5. population[,pכpju'leiʃ(ә)n] -население
6. density ['densiti] - плотность: The density of the population is 158 inhabitants [in'hæbitәnts] per square kilome tres. Плотность населения составляет 158 человек на кв. км.
7. ocean['ouʃ(ә)n] - океанthe Atlantic[әt'læntik] Ocean (the Atlantic),the Pacific[pә'sifik] (Ocean ): In the east Ja pan is washed by the Pacific (Ocean).
8. sea [si:] -море the Baltic['bכ:ltik ] Sea the Mediterranean[,meditә'reinjәn] Sea
9. island['ailәnd], isle[ail] -остров: Australia [כ:s'treiljә] is an island. The British IslesБританские острова
10. peninsula[pi'ninsjulә]- n полуостров: the Balkan ['bכ:lkәn] Peninsula
11. area ['еәriә] -1. площадь; 2. район, область, зона: The area of the USA is about 9,400,000 sq. km. Japan has an area of 372,200 sq. km.
12. border['bכ:dә], frontier['fr۸ntjә], boundary ['baund(ә)ri] -граница: The border (the boundary) between Europe and Asia lies along the Urals ['juәr(ә)lz]. In the south the frontier of Russia runs over a number of mountains.
13. total area - общая площадь
14. a plain - равнина
15. a mountain chain - горная цепь
16. climate - климат (arctic - арктический, continental - континентальный, subtropical - субтропический)
17. vast mineral resources - богатые запасы полезных ископаемых
18. a branch - власть (как часть правительства) (legislative - законодательный, executive - исполнительный, judicial - судебный
19. the Federal Assembly - Федеральное собрание
20. a chamber - палата
21. the Council of Federation - Совет Федерации
22. commander-in-chief - главнокомандующий
23. court - суд (the Constitutional Court - Конституционный суд, the Supreme Court - Верховный суд, regional court - региональный суд
24. the state symbol - государственный символ
25. a banner - знамя
26. a hymn - гимн
27. national emblem - национальный герб
28. minute of silence - минута молчания
29. fireworks - фейерверк
30. a custom - обычай
31. Christmas - Рождество
32. Easter - Пасха
Verbs
1. to occupy['כkjupai] an area, to cover['k۸vә] an area -занимать площадь: Turkey [tə:ki] occupies a small area on the Balkan Peninsula.
2. to lie[lai], to be located[lou'keitid], to be situated['sitjueitid] -быть расположенным, находиться, лежать: to be situated in the northern ['nכ:ð(ә)n], southern ['s۸ð(ә)n], eastern ['i:st(ә)n], western ['west(ә)n] part of the country; Italy lies south of France. Volgograd is located on the Volga.
3. border (on, upon) - граничить (с): What countries does Italy border on?
4. to stretch - простираться, тянуться
5. to separate - отделять
6. to flow into - впадать (во что-либо)
7. to be set up by smth - быть учрежденным, основанным в соответствии с чем-либо
8. to be checked by smb - контролироваться кем-либо
9. to be balanced by smb - балансироваться, уравновешиваться кем-либо
10. to be vested in - осуществляться кем-либо
11. to initiate a legislature - внести законопроект
12. to approve a bill - принять законопроект
13. to be signed by smb - быть подписанным кем-либо
14. to veto the bill - наложить вето на законопроект
15. enforce a law - проводить закон в жизнь
16. to appoint a minister - назначить министра
17. to be represented by smb - быть представленным кем-либо
18. to be elected by popular vote - быть избранным всенародным голосованием
19. to celebrate - праздновать
Notes
С определенным артиклем употребляются а) названия сторон света: the North, the South, the East, the West; б) названия рек: the Volga; в) названия морей и океанов: the Black Sea, the Arctic Ocean; г) названия горных хребтов: the Alps, the Urals; д) названия некоторых регионов и областей: the Caucasus ['kכ:kәsәs], the Crimea [krai'miә], the Ukraine [ju:'krein], the Far East; e) названия полуостровов и групп островов: the Balkan Peninsula, the British Isles; ж) названия стран, включающие такие слова, как union ['ju:njәn] союз (государственное объединение), kingdom ['kiŋdәm] королевство, state [steit] штат, republic [ri'р۸bliк], federation федерация: the Russian Federation, theSoviet Union (the USSR), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ['aiәlәnd], the United States of America (the USA), the Federal Republic of Germany.
Артикли не употребляются: а) перед названиями стран, состоящими из одного слова— France, Italy; б) перед названиями городов — Kiev, London; в) перед названиями континентов — Europe ['juәrәp], Asia ['eiʃә].
Text 1
Exercise 1. Read and get ready to do the exercises.
RUSSIA
Russia is the largest country in the world. It covers half of Europe and a third of Asia. It is situated in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It borders on different countries. These countries there are Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Byelorussia, Ukraine, Abkhazia, Georgia, South Ossetia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, the Korean People’s Democratic Republic, Japan, the USA with which we have only water frontier.
Russia is washed by the Arctic Ocean in the north, by the Pacific Ocean in the east. Then there is the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea and the Azov Sea in the south. There is the Baltic Sea in the west.
The land of Russia varies a lot from heavy forests to barren deserts, from high peaked mountains to deep valleys. Russia is located on two plains. They are: the Great Russian Plain and the West Siberian Plain.
There are three main mountain chains in Russia. The Urals, the longest mountain chain, separates Europe from Asia but this barrier is quite artificial. There are several other mountain chains in Russia. They are the Altai, the Sayans and the Caucasus
On the territory of Russia there are a lot of rivers. Among the greatest are the Volga, the Don, the Lena, the Yenissei, the Amur. The broad Volga River system is of great historic, economic and cultural importance to Russia. It became the cradle of such ancient towns as Vladimir, Tver, Yaroslavl, Kazan, Nizhni Novgorod.
Among the lakes the deepest one is the Baikal, which contains about 20% (per cent) of the world’s fresh water supply. Numerous canals join all the rivers in the European part of Russia, making it the largest inland water transportation route in Europe.
On the vast territory of Russia there are 4 climatic zones. They are the arctic, the subarctic, the temperate and the subtropical zones. The arctic and the subarctic zones have the coldest climate. The subtropical zone is the warmest. We live in the temperate zone. The climate is moderate. In our zone we have four seasons which differ in weather greatly. The winter lasts about 4 months. There is usually much snow in winter. Summer is warm and sunny.
The European part of Russia is densely populated. There are a lot of cities, towns and villages there.
Russia is rich in natural resources. It has large reserves of oil, natural gas, copper, lead and other minerals.
Most of them are situated in Asian part of Russia, in Siberia.
The history of Russia dates back to the year 862. Now Russia is a Presidential Republic.
Russia has always played an important role in the world. It is one of its leading Powers.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct variant. Use your own knowledge about geography of Russia if necessary.
- There are Baltic countries, Byelorussia and Ukraine to the (east, west, north, south) of Russia.
2. There is Georgia, Azerbaijan, Abkhazia and Ossetia to the (east, west, north, south) of Russia.
3. There is Japan and the USA to the (east, west, north, south) of Russia.
4. There is Arctic in the (east, west, north, south) of Russia.
5. There is the Pacific ocean in the (east, west, north, south) of Russia.
6. The Altai is in (European, Asian) part of Russia.
7. The Caucasus is in (European, Asian) part of Russia.
8. The Volga, the Don and the Desna are in (European, Asian) part of Russia.
9. The Lena, the Amur, the Kolyma and the Tom are in (European, Asian) part of Russia.
10. Lake Ladoga, Lake Onega and Lake Seliger are in (European, Asian) part of Russia.
11. Moscow is in (the arctic, the subarctic, the temperate and the subtropical) zone.
12. Sochi is in (the arctic, the subarctic, the temperate and the subtropical) zone.
13. Murmansk is in (the arctic, the subarctic, the temperate and the subtropical) zone.
Exercise 3. Correct the following statements. Use suitable patterns of disagreement.
- Russia covers half of Europe and a fourth of Asia.
- Russia borders on Georgia, Azerbaijan, Abkhazia, Ossetia and Armenia in the Caucasus.
- Russia is washed by three oceans and two seas.
- The landscape of Russia is the same everywhere.
- There are no mountain chains in Russia.
- The broad Oka River system is of great historic, economic and cultural importance to Russia.
- Lake Baikal contains 50% of the world’s fresh water supply.
- The climatic zones on the territory of Russia are arctic, subarctic, temperate, subtropical and tropical.
There are little deposits of mineral resources on the territory of Russia.
Exercise 4. Do the puzzle.
PUZZLE
How well do you know Russia? Match up the clues on the left and the answers on the right.
| 1. Two oceans 2. Two seas 3. Two mountain chains 4. Two rivers 5. Two lakes 6. Two neigbouring countries 7. Two mineral resources 8. Two animals 9. Two branches of industry 10. Two cities | a. bear b. Caspian c. Ufa d. China e. Caucasus f. Lena g. wolf h. oil i. gas j. Pacific k. Norway l. Urals m. Norilsk n. engineering o. Baikal p. Atlantic q. aircraft r. Baltic s. Dvina t. Black | ||
Exercise 5. Answer the questions (if necessary, use your own knowledge).
- What territory does Russia occupy?
- What countries does Russia border on?
- What oceans and seas wash Russia?
- What plains is Russia situated on?
- What mountain chains are there in Russia?
- What rivers do you know in Russia?
- What lakes do you know on the territory of Russia?
- There are 3 climatic zones on the territory of Russia, aren’t they?
- What are the climatic zones?
- What mineral resources does Russia possess?
- Is the history of Russia long?
Text 2
Exercise 1. Read the text and do exercises given below.
Notes: walrus – морж
Seal – тюлень
Reindeer – северный олень
Lynx - рысь
Sable – соболь
Ermine -горностай
Elk – лось
Roe – косуля
Wild boar – дикий кабан
Birch – береза
Pine – сосна
Oak – дуб
Cedar – кедр
Larch – лиственница
Fir-tree – ель
Iron tree – железное дерево
Cork tree – пробковое дерево
Ginseng - женьшень