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The electron– or at least our recognition of its existence as an elementary particle – passes the century mark this spring. On April 30,1897, Joseph Thomson reported the results of his recent experiments on cathode rays to a Friday evening meeting of the Royal Institution, suggesting these rays were composed of negatively charged pieces of atoms that he dubbed “corpuscles”. Six months later he published an extensive account of these experiments in the Philosophical Magazine. One of the classic papers of modern physics, it opened the doors of human consciousness (сознание) to a radically new and often baffling (загадочный) world within atoms. Together with the discovery of X-rays and radioactivity during the preceding two years, and the introduction of the quantum three years later, this breakthrough led to a revolutionary conception of matter that has since had major impacts on other sciences, on modern technology and art, and even on the way we talk and think. (from Beam Line, 1997)     cathode [¢kæθoud] royal [¢rɔɪəl]   corpuscle [¢kɔ:pʌsl]     consciousness [¢kɔnʃəsnɪs] baffling [¢bæflɪŋ]     quantum [¢kwɔntəm] major [¢meɪʤə]  

5. Fill in the gaps with appropriate prepositions. Use the word combinations in the sentences of your own. Write them down.

To obtain knowledge … the nature, scientific knowledge applied … practical purposes, to work … a particular area … technology, to do research … plasma, to refer … the published results … the research, to happen … particular conditions, the validity … experimental results, to work … theories, to model phenomena … a computer, a series … equations, to come … a conclusion, to submit an article … a journal … assessment … publication, to give a presentation … the work … a conference, to deliver a paper … a meeting, to present findings … a conference … these phenomena, to give a paper … the recent developments … this area.

 

6. Give the English equivalents for the following Russian word combinations.

Научные знания, применяемые в практических целях, конструировать новые машины, проводить исследования в определенной области, делать опыты, проводить эксперименты на образцах, получать информацию, проводить наблюдения, делать измерения, собирать и обрабатывать данные, прийти к выводу, проверить гипотезу, решать задачу, делать открытие, впервые выполнять работу в определенной области, подтверждаться наблюдениями, публиковать результаты в статьях, подать статью в журнал для опубликования, делать доклад на конгрессе.

 

7. Answer the following questions making proper use of General Scientific Lexis.

1. How would you define science?

2. What do technologists concern themselves with?

3. What do we call a prototype?

4. Who are innovators?

5. What does inventiveness imply?

6. What do you engage in if you are researchers?

7. Why are experiments carried out?

8. What is the difference between a field experiment and a thought experiment?

9. What is a laboratory bench?

10. What is a test tube?

11. How is the validity of experimental results tested?

12. What do scientists do with data?

13. What does the word empirical mean?

14. How would you explain the word breakthrough?

15. What scientists are called pioneers?

16. Who are theorists or theoreticians?

17. Why are models designed?

18. What is a theorem?

19. What is a formula?

20. When do general statements become laws?

21. What does deduction or inference refer to?

22. Where do scientists publish their results or findings?

23. Where do scientists give presentations of their work?

24. What is an oral presentation?

 

8. Study this matrix for some typical collocations with ‘fulfilling’ verbs. Use the collocations in sentences of your own.

  do make conduct carry out undertake take
an analysis   v   v v  
an attempt   v        
a contribution   v        
a discovery   v        
an experiment v v v v    
an investigation   v v v v  
a measurement   v        
measures         v v
an observation   v        
a project       v v  
a report   v        
research v   v v v  
a study v v v v v  

Language of Numbers and Shapes

Anyone who works in science and technology needs to be able to talk about numbers and shapes. Now check how well you can read, say and understand numbers, describe shape and give dimensions.

Dealing with Numbers

1. Notice how the following numbers are said in English.
Cardinal numbers

  nought, oh (zero is not often used in reading decimal values)
  three hundred and seventy five
2,064 two thousand and sixty four
3,180 three thousand one hundred and eighty
1,537,293 one million, five hundred and thirty seven thousand, two hundred and ninety three
2,000,000,000 two billion


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