Первая помощь при обморожениях.




Обморожением называется повреждение тканей в результате воздействия низкой

температуры.

При действии низких температур происходит угнетение жизненных процессов в

тканях, а не гибель их. Гибель переохлажденных тканей наступает при

неравномерном их согревании. Более подвержены обморожению пальцы, кисти,

стопы, уши, нос.

При оказании первой помощи главное – не допускать быстрого согревания

переохлажденных участков тела, т.к. на них губительно действуют теплый

воздух, теплая вода, прикосновение теплых предметов и даже рук. До входа

пострадавшего в отапливаемое помещение переохлажденные участки тела нужно

защитить от воздействия тепла, наложив на них теплоизолирующие повязки

(ватно-марлевые, шерстяные). Повязка должна закрывать только обмороженный

участок кожи. В противном случае тепло от участков тела с ненарушенным

кровообращением будет распространяться под повязку на переохлажденные участки

и вызывать их согревание, что приведет к гибели поверхностных тканей.

После наложения теплоизолирующей повязки необходимо обеспечить неподвижность

переохлажденных пальцев ног и рук, т.к. их сосуды очень хрупки и потому

возможны кровоизлияния. Для этого можно использовать шины или любой подручный

материал.

Если на пострадавшем оледенелая обувь, то не следует ее снимать, а нужно

укутать ноги ватником или другим подручным материалом. Пострадавшего следует

срочно доставить в лечебное учреждение, не снимая теплоизолирующих повязок.

На переохлажденных участках тела повязку следует оставлять до тех пор, пока

не появится чувствительность.

Для восполнения тепла в организме и улучшения кровообращения пострадавшему

следует давать пить горячий сладкий чай.

Литература

https://works.tarefer.ru/works/9/100064/index.html

https://bibliofond.ru/view.aspx?id=35998

First Aid - a complex of measures aimed at

restoration or preservation of life and health of the victim. it should

have someone who is close to the victim (mutual assistance) or the person

victim (self-help) until the arrival of medical personnel.

On how skillfully and quickly provided first aid, life depends

affected.

The sequence of actions when providing first aid to the victim:

- Elimination of effects on the body of the victim of dangerous and harmful factors

(Freeing it from the e-mail action. Current removal from the danger zone, quenching

burning clothes and so on. d.)

- Assessment of the affected state

- Determining the nature of the injury

- Implementation of the necessary measures to rescue the victim (artificial

breathing, external cardiac massage, stop bleeding, and so on. d.)

- Maintaining the vital functions of the victim until the arrival of honey. personnel.

- To call an ambulance.

First aid depend on the victim's condition.

If the victim is breathing very rarely and spasmodically (as if to sob), but

his palpable pulse, you should immediately give artificial

breath.

If the victim no consciousness, breathing, pulse, skin

cyanotic, and the pupils are dilated, you should immediately begin resuscitation (

ie revival) by performing rescue breathing and external

cardiac massage.

Do not undress the victim, losing this precious seconds. attempts

revitalizing effective in cases where after cardiac arrest have passed

no more than 4 minutes, so the first aid should be provided immediately.

It is impossible to count the dead victim, the conclusion that death is only making honey.

staff. Having started to revive, should take care of emergency medical call.

help.

Artificial respiration is carried out in two ways, "mouth to mouth" and "mouth-to-nose".

1. Place the victim on his back,

2. unbuttoned constraining clothes

3. To ensure the patency of the upper airways, which in the position

on his back unconscious closed sunken languages.

4. Remove foreign bodies.

5. upturned maximum head (root of the tongue rises and releases

the entrance to the larynx, mouth open).

 

"Mouth to mouth" method

 

Lifeguard two fingers of the hand, located on the forehead, nose clamps

affected. Then takes a deep breath, pressed tightly to his mouth

the victim and makes energetic exhalation. Tracks chest

the victim, who should rise. Then he lifts his head and watches

passive exhalation. If the victim is well defined pulse, then

interval between breaths should be 5 seconds, or 12 times per minute.

Care should be taken so that the air is blown into the lungs rather than in the

stomach. If the air has got into the stomach - quickly turn the victim on

side and gently press on the abdomen between the breastbone and the navel.

 

"Mouth-to-nose" Method

 

Rescuer one hand captures the victim's head, the other covers its

chin, pushes the lower jaw slightly forward and closes tightly with

top. Lips thumb grips. Then dials and air tight

It covers lips nose base, so not to pinch the nostrils and

vigorously blows air. Releasing the nose, following the passive air.

Stop artificial respiration after the restoration of the victim

quite deep and rhythmic spontaneous breathing.

External cardiac massage.

If the breaths, the pulse of the victim in the carotid artery is not

appeared immediately start external cardiac massage.

a man's heart is located in the chest between the sternum and

spine. Belly - movable flat bone. In the situation of a person

Spina bifida is a rigid fixed (on a hard surface)

base. If you press down on the sternum, the heart will contract between

sternum and the spine, and the blood of his cavities will be squeezed into the vessels.

This is called an external heart massage.

Massage tremors perform crossed palms. The base of one of them

is placed on the lower half of the sternum (departing 2 fingers above the xiphoid

process), the fingers are bent upward and the other hand is placed on top and do

rapid pressure.

When performing massage pushes the rescuer should straighten your elbows.

The deflection of the sternum should be 4 cm., And the rate of 60 shocks per minute. must

constantly monitor the pulse.

If resuscitation performed by one person, then two breaths after he makes 15

massage shocks. For 1 minute 12 breaths runs and 60 aftershocks.

With the assistance of two people in intensive care, the ratio is 1: 5.

It is impossible to make an artificial breath simultaneously with massage push.

If resuscitation by one man, it should in every 2 minutes

interrupt the cardiac massage and determine the pulse at the carotid artery.

If resuscitation is performed 2 people, the pulse at the carotid artery checks

the one who makes artificial respiration, also checks the status of the pupils.

The second first-team performs massage bumps. When pulsanemedlenno stop heart massage, but continue to hold iskusstvennogodyhaniya. Resuscitation carried out to restore sustainable samostoyatelnogodyhaniya. During the resuscitation 2 rescuers advisable menyatsyamestami 5-10 minut.Priznakami restore blood circulation are: - good pulse proschupyvaetsya- pupils suzhayutsya- skin rozoveyut- restored spontaneous breathing. First aid for SHOCK tokom.Pri lesions e. current is necessary as soon as possible to release postradavshegoot current actions, as on the duration of its effect on the severity of organizmzavisit elektrotravmy.Esli victim keeps running his hands, his fingers are compressed so much chtovysvobodit wire out of his hands becomes impossible. Therefore pervymdeystviem lifeguard must be quick off elektroustanovki.Otklyuchit electrical installation, you can use the switch, circuit breaker and so d.Esli quick disconnect electrical installation is not possible, lifeguard, first chemprikosnutsya to the victim, shall be obliged to protect yourself from electric shock: -. Insulated from the ground, standing on dry boards, rubber mat or nadetdielektricheskie galoshes - not to touch the metal objects, and to the body of the victim (tolkoza his clothes); - wear insulating gloves or wrap the arm scarf, pull krayrukava. We need to act one rukoy.Osvobodit affected by the current-carrying elements: - the subject of any dry, non-conducting (stick, board, rope); - pull the collar (if the clothes dry) - ax cut the wire with a dry wooden handle - with a bite wire cutter insulating handles (each phase separately) In case of burns charred clothes carefully cut with scissors. On ranunakladyvayut sterile povyazku.Zapreschaetsya touch the burn wound with your fingers or any object, udalyatobuglennye skin, open the e-mail puzyri.Pri defeat. current victim (regardless of the burn area) sleduetdostavit in hospital. First aid for bleeding. Bleeding can be external (blood poured out) or internal (blood pours into the inner cavity of the skull, chest, abdomen). In zavisimostiot kind of damaged vessels are following bleeding - blood - venous; - kapillyarnoe.Arterialnoe bleeding occurs during deep chopped and split ranah.Krov bright red, pours pulsating jet (in time with sokrascheniemserdechnoy muscle injury When major arteries (carotid,. subclavian, shoulder, hip, knee-) there is severe bleeding, if it can not be stopped in time, the victim can die within a few minut.Dlya temporarily stop the bleeding artery above the wound site zazhimayutpaltsem or impose oppressive povyazku.Krovotechenie of the limbs can be stopped by bending it in the joint above mestaraneniya, if there is no fracture of the konechnosti.Pri heavy bleeding need to drag the limb tourniquet. Dlyaetogo use rubber bands, tape, and the means at hand -rezinovuyu tube podtyazhki.Zhgut impose above the wound, pre-pressed bleeding sosudpaltsami. finiteness lift up, apply a soft gasket dlyaumensheniya pain and a possible infringement of the skin. Harness stretch (nachalnyyotrezok remains free), making 2-3 turns close to each other, the last move made over the previous ends to tie. Tourniquet impose doteh long until the bleeding stops. Do not strongly tighten the tourniquet takkak can damage muscles, pinch nerves and cause paralysis konechnosti.Vremya finding harness on a limb not more than 2 hours, and in winter - 1 hour. Fell sick long term there is a danger tourniquet limb immobilization tkaneyobeskrovlennoy. An hour later, the vessel should be pressed with your finger above mestakrovotecheniya, remove the tourniquet on for 10-15 minutes, then re-apply a tourniquet just above the lower of the former place. Casualty to hospital. Kzhgutu necessarily attach a note indicating it accurately vremeninalozheniya.Venoznoe bleeding injury occurs when the veins. Blood flows slowly vyalovatoy jet has a deep red color. With a mild bleeding Naranjo impose a pressure bandage. To do this, lubricate the skin around the wound with iodine, Naranjo impose a sterile towel, and then on top of it dense and tightly roll izmaterii pribintovyvayut (turns of the bandage should go from the bottom up - otpaltsev to the body). Should rise vverh.Kapillyarnoe bleeding happens when damaged smallest krovenosnyhsosudov (capillaries) with extensive bruises and superficial wounds. Krovsochitsya across the wound surface, flows slowly, dropwise. First pomoshch lubricate the skin around the wound with iodine and apply a sterile povyazku.Vnutrennee bleeding is very dangerous for the life, the blood poured vovnutrennie cavity and is almost impossible to stop. Recognized povneshnemu affected species (pale, clammy sweat acts, frequent breathing).First aid: - in the abdomen -postradavshego lay on his back, put on your stomach, "cold", not give to drink - in the chest cavity-position semi-sitting - from the mouth -postradavshego lay on his stomach, his head turned in storonu.- From nose -Put "cold" on the nose closer to the base, squeeze paltsaminozdri for 4-5 minutes. The victim seat, his head slightly tilted forward, so that the blood does not flow into the nasal passages. First aid for the wounded. When providing first aid in wound - the wound can not be washed with water or any drug, fill powder, ointments lubricate - it is impossible to remove the dirt from the wound. It is necessary to carefully remove dirt from the skin vokrugrany, in the direction of the wound. The cleaned area of ​​skin to treat iodine inalozhit bandage. Vata directly on the wound to impose nelzya.- in penetrating wounds of the abdomen is prohibited to reduce a vypavshieorgany, touch them. It is necessary to impose a sterile cotton-gauze loosely povyazkui zabintovat.- in penetrating chest wound carefully remove dirt from the skin around the wound, impose on it a sterile cloth. At a distance of 5 cm. From the wound apply sloyvazelina, over a piece of clean cloth to impose oilcloth so that the strip konturnakryl Vaseline. On the exhale, make anchoring the bandage. First aid for fractures and bruises. Fracture is called a violation of the integrity of the bone. In the area of ​​the fracture postradavshiyispytyvaet sharp pain, intensifying when trying to change polozhenie.Perelomy are open and closed; open fracture soprovozhdaetsyanarusheniem skin pokrova.Razlichayut isolated fracture (a fracture), multiple (two or more), Combined (one and several bones at the same time damage vnutrennihorganov).If you need to open fractures: - bare limb; - stop the bleeding, - treat the wound edges and apply a sterile povyazku.Nelzya touch the wound, reduce a bone fragments, remove debris and foreign bodies! For fractures of the victim is necessary to ensure the immobilization (immobilization) of the damaged area of ​​the body. It reduces pain ipredotvraschaet further displacement of the bone fragments and re-wound imikrovenosnyh vessels and soft tkaney.Pri immobilization used standard tires or any other available means (narrow boards, sticks, etc.) In the absence of other means obezdvizhivanieverhney limbs reached its fixation to the body, and -k zdorovoynoge.Fiksiruyut bottom of at least two joints on both sides of the fracture. On ibedrennoy shoulder bones-not less than three. The joints and bony prominences in all sluchayahobkladyvayut cotton-gauze pads and secured with a bandage. Zatemnakladyvayut shiny.Pri closed fractures should not be removed from the victim's clothing, shinunakladyvat over it. To the place of the fracture must be applied "cold" dlyaumensheniya pain. For immobilization give crushed under the tongue 1-2 tabletkianalgina.Posle splint the limb with an isolated fracture fix kerchief, a strip of fabric, hollow pidzhaka.Pri damaged spine gently, without lifting the victim podsunutpod his broad back board, door lock removed from petel.Pri cervical spine should not be to the victim naklonyalgolovu forward. For this bandage draped wool and put around the neck, creating a cotton-gauze collar. Transported on a wooden schite.Pri rib fractures need to tightly wrap the chest or pull eepolotentsem during vydoha.Pri fracture of the pelvis: under the back of the victim must be podsunutshirokuyu board, put it in a position of "frog", ie bend his legs vkolenyah and dissolve in hand and foot move together, under the knees podlozhitvalik odezhdy.U of the victim is unconscious, can be rvota.V this case turn his head nabok.Pri bruises, the victim, there is swelling, pain when touched kmestu injury. First aid: to make "cold" for hemorrhage ipreduprezhdeniya reduce pain, then apply a pressure bandage. Bruised mestusozdayut "rest". Fainting. This sudden brief loss of consciousness due to a sudden outflow kroviot brain. When syncope speaks profusely sweat grow cold limbs, bledneyutkozhnye covers. The victim slowly settles, padaet.Pervaya help: - put so that the head is below the torso - open collar, - ensure a flow of fresh air - the face and chest with water spray, - to give to smell ammonia, - give a drink of cold water or hot tea. Heat or sunstroke occurs rezultateperegreva organism, when high humidity, increases to 40-41 gradusa.Pervaya care when working in hot, plohoprovetrivaemyh pomescheniyah.Proiskhodit flow to the brain, the body temperature - make a victim out of the hot room in a cool place - stow so that the head was above the body, - take off your clothes, wrap a sheet and pour cold water - to drink iced tea or salted vodu.Kogda victim's body temperature drops to 37 degrees, oblivanieprekraschayut and wrap it with a dry sheet. Contact with foreign body in the eye. If a mote in the eye hit, you can remove it by rinsing the eye with water jet in the direction of temple to the nose. do not rub your eyes, apply sterilnuyupovyazku.Pri penetrating wounds to remove foreign bodies and wash the eyes zapreschaetsya.Nalozhit sterile bandage and immediately hospitalized. First aid for burns. Burns are: - thermal (caused by fire, steam, metal objects), - power (electric shock around 1000 and above), - the chemical (caused by acids and alkalis).Ozhogi divided into four degrees: 1 degree -pokrasnenie and swelling of the skin, 2 degree -vodyanye bubbles, 3 stepen- necrosis of superficial and deep layers of the skin, blisters skrovyanistoy liquid level 4 - charring the skin, loss of muscle, tendon, kosti.Pri thermal burns, do not allow the person on which zagorelasodezhda, bezhal.Nelzya touch deified area of ​​the skin, lubricate it with ointments, fats, sprinkle baking soda. You can not open the blisters, remove adhering kobozhennomu place mastic and other resinous substances. You can not pluck sobozhennogo body clothing and shoes, you need to cut and remove carefully. Esliobgorevshie pieces of clothing stuck to the deification of the area of ​​skin, then apply a sterile top nihsleduet povyazku.Pri 1 degree burns spray the affected area with cold water not less than 10 minutes, and then apply a sterile povyazku.Pri severe and extensive burns wrap the victim in a clean sheet, cover more warmly, give 1-2 dipyrone tablets. If there is no vomiting or give obilnoesolevoe drink warm chay.Pri chemical burns as quickly as possible it is important to reduce kontsentratsiyuhimicheskogo substances and the time of his vozdeystviya.Esli acid or alkali contact with skin through clothing, it is first necessary to wash eevodoy with clothes, and then carefully cut and remove from mokruyuodezhdu victim, then rinse with plenty of running water in techenie15-20 minutes. Try to keep the waste water does not enter into other uchastkitela or spasatelya.Pri of contact with the human body is acid or alkali in a solid veschestvaneobhodimo remove it with a dry cotton wool and then rinse vodoy.Pri chemical burns completely wash off the chemicals with water completely is not derivable. It is therefore necessary to treat the burn zone rastvorami.Neytralizuyuschie neutralizing solution for burns: acid - 1 teaspoon of baking soda in a glass of water, alkalis - 1 teaspoon of boric acid in a glass vody.Zatem deification skin dry and apply a sterile povyazku.Pri contact with acids or alkalis the esophagus is an urgent need to neutralize the cause vracha.Nelzya lodged in the esophagus, alkali or acid to try to promytzheludok, causing vomiting, because the reverse movement of the esophagus prozhigayuschayazhidkost once again traumatize the mucous obolochku.Postradavshemu to drink no more than 3 cups of water, thus diluting the esophagus obrazompopavshuyu acid or alkali and reducing its irritant deystvie.Polezno drink milk, egg whites (12 pieces per 1 liter of water). First aid for poisoning gas. If poisoning gases (carbon monoxide, natural gasoline vapors) poyavlyaetsyagolovnaya pain, heart palpitations, nausea, and vomiting. When silnomotravlenii -sonlivost indifference. In severe excitations condition, dilated pupils, disorders dyhaniya.Pri all poisonings should: - immediately withdraw or remove victim to fresh air - unbutton clothes - ensure a flow of fresh air - laid, raising legs, rub the body - warmer shelter, - to give ammonia smell when spirt.Esli unconscious started vomiting, then turn the head nabok.Pri stop breathing to initiate artificial dyhaniya.Vo all cases of poisoning gases must be given to the victim vypitbolshoe milk. First aid for frostbite. Frostbite is called tissue damage due to exposure to low temperatures nizkoytemperatury.Pri depression occurs vtkanyah life processes, not their destruction. Death of supercooled tissue comes prineravnomernom their warming. More prone to frostbite fingers, hands, feet, ears, nos.Pri first aid importantly - avoid fast sogrevaniyapereohlazhdennyh areas of the body, because they detrimental effect teplyyvozduh, warm water, warm touch of objects and even hands. Before vhodapostradavshego in a heated room supercooled nuzhnozaschitit areas of the body from the effects of heat, put it on their insulating bandage (cotton-gauze, wool). The bandage should cover only the skin obmorozhennyyuchastok. Otherwise, the heat from the parts of the body with nenarushennymkrovoobrascheniem will be distributed under the bandage on supercooled plots cause their warming, which will lead to the destruction of the surface overlay tkaney.Posle insulating bandage is necessary to ensure nepodvizhnostpereohlazhdennyh toes and hands, because their vessels are very fragile and potomuvozmozhny hemorrhage. You can use the bus or any podruchnyymaterial.Esli shoes on the icy affected, you should not take it off, and nuzhnoukutat quilted jacket legs or other available materials. The victim sleduetsrochno deliver in hospital without removing the insulating povyazok.Na supercooled parts of the body bandage should be left until pokane chuvstvitelnost.Dlya heat will make up the body and improve circulation postradavshemusleduet give drink hot sweet tea.



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