Unit 1
Тема: Наука и технология
Грамматика:
- Артикли.
- Личные местоимения.
- Глагол to be во временах Indefinite.
- Указательные местоимения.
- Оборот There is / There are.
- Выражение to be going to.
- Числительные.
Тексты:
1. Science
2. Technology
Лексика
1. | achievement | достижение |
2. | always | всегда |
3. | approach | подход |
4. | between | между |
5. | branch | отрасль (науки, знания) |
6. | clear | ясный |
7. | difference different | различие разный |
8. | engineering | техника |
9. | essential | существенный |
10. | example (e.g. – for example) | пример (например) |
11. | field | поле, сфера, область деятельности |
12. | high | высокий |
13. | human | человеческий |
14. | hypothesis (pl hypotheses) | гипотеза |
15. | important | важный |
16. | impossible | невозможный |
17. | investigation | исследование |
18. | knowledge | знание |
19. | law | закон |
20. | main | главный |
21. | necessary | необходимый |
22. | need | надобность, нужда |
23. | a number of the number of | ряд количество |
24. | often | часто |
25. | only | только |
26. | phenomenon (pl phenomena) | явление, феномен |
27. | power | энергия |
28. | quality | качество |
29. | research | исследование |
30. | science | наука |
31. | scientific | научный |
32. | skilled | опытный, умелый, квалифицированный |
33. | society | общество |
34. | to acquire acquiring | овладевать, приобретать зд. овладение, приобретение |
35. | to apply applied | прилагать, прикладывать зд. прикладной |
36. | to begin (began, begun) beginning | начинать зд. начало |
37. | to continue continuing | продолжать продолжающийся |
38. | to design | проектировать |
39. | to develop development | развивать; развитие |
40. | to exist existing | существовать существующий |
41. | to make (made, made) making | делать зд. изготовление |
42. | to manufacture manufacture | производить; производство |
43. | to solve solving | решать зд. решение |
44. | to study | изучать |
45. | to use use | использовать, применять; использование, применение |
46. | tool | инструмент |
47. | without | без |
I. Вспомните, как переводятся следующие слова:
present; past; future; world; country; air; shop; very; great; new; old; late; to help; today; many.
II. Прочитайте и переведите слова, не пользуясь словарем. Обратите внимание на их произношение:
absolutely; activity; application; barrier; base; combination; communication; computer; design; economy; experiment; experimental; experimentation; extraordinary; factor; formation; generation; hi-tech; hypothesis (pl hypotheses); industrial; interaction; interesting; machine; material; method; microelectronics; mobile phone; modern; modification; natural; nature; negative; nuclear; optimal; organizational; phenomenon (pl phenomena); practical; practice; problem; process; product; progress; result; robotics; rocket; specific; stage; subject; system; systematic; technical; technique; technology; theory.
III. Прочитайте и переведите следующие слова:
· существительные
achievement; approach; branch; development; difference; engineering; example; field; investigation; knowledge; law; manufacture; need; number; power; quality; research; science; skill; society; use; acquiring; beginning; making; solving; tool;
· прилагательные и причастия
clear; different; essential; high; human; important; impossible; main; necessary; scientific; skilled; applied; continuing; existing;
· глаголы
to acquire; to apply; to base; to begin; to continue; to design; to develop; to exist; to make; to manufacture; to solve; to study; to use;
· наречия
always; between; often; only.
IV. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:
applied science; experimental science; the systematic base of knowledge; a system of acquiring knowledge; scientific methods; scientific research; scientific approach; the practical application of scientific knowledge; specific human needs; human knowledge; research and development (R&D); the development of modern society; the formation of hypotheses, theories, and laws; computer engineering; nuclear power engineering; rocket technologies; the phenomena of nature; important factors in modern world; a great progress in microelectronics; new and old methods of investigations; a number of experiments in this field of investigation; two main methods of scientific research in science; the generation of hypotheses about a phenomenon.
Грамматика
Артикли
Одним из определителей существительного в английском языке является артикль.
Артикль может быть:
· неопределенным a (an) – a combination; a computer; an aircraft; an example.
· определенным the – the combination; the computer; the aircraft; the example.
a (an) | the | нет артикля |
Показывает, что лицо или предмет является одним из ряда подобных: Take a pencil and write. | Выделяет предмет или лицо из ряда подобных: Take the pencil, please. | 1. Перед существительными во множественном числе, которые не конкретизируются: Take pencils and write. 2. Перед именами собственными: MarylivesinLondon, the capital of England. 3. Перед неисчисляемыми абстрактными существительными: love, hate, pride, time, moneyи т.д. |
V. Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Где необходимо, поставьте артикли:
1. … science is … systematic base of … knowledge. 2. … science is … study of … nature. 3. … system of acquiring … knowledge is absolutely essential. 4. … investigation of … phenomena is impossible without … scientific methods. 5. … generation of … hypotheses about … phenomenon is … method of … scientific research in … science. 6. … experiments are necessary in … scientific research. 7. … applied science is … application of … scientific knowledge to … specific human needs. 8. … use of science was … reason for … research and development (R&D).
Глагол “to be” (быть)
Глаголом называется часть речи, которая обозначает действие или состояние лица или предмета.
Спряжение глагола “to be” во временах Indefinite
Число | Лицо | Личные местоимения | The Indefinite Tenses | ||
Present | Past | Future | |||
Ед. число | I | am | was | shall be | |
You | are | were | will be | ||
He She It | is | was | will be | ||
Мн. число | We | are | were | shall be | |
You | are | were | will be | ||
They | are | were | will be |
VI. Прочитайте предложения, обращая особое внимание на форму глагола “to be”. Определите, в каком времени стоит предложение:
а) 1. Mathematics is essential to science. 2. Arithmetic, algebra, geometry and trigonometry are essential to physics. 3. The scientific approach is essential in the formation of hypotheses, theories, and laws. 4. Science was a study of different phenomena in nature. 5. The investigations were important. 6. The systematic base of knowledge in science will be necessary. 7. The difference between science, engineering and technology is not always clear.
б) 1. Technology is a result of scientific research. 2. The generation of hypotheses about a phenomenon will be necessary. 3. Different scientific methods and knowledge are necessary for investigations and experiments. 4. Technology is the practical application of knowledge. 5. The scientific methods are different. 6. Science was always a system of acquiring knowledge on the base of scientific methods. 7. New experiments will be the beginning of new stages in technology. 8. Technology is impossible without scientific knowledge. 9. Technology was a very important factor in the development of modern society. 10. The scientific approach is the formation of hypotheses, theories, and laws. 11. Microelectronics, computer engineering, robotics, nuclear power engineering, rocket technologies are the subjects of hi-tech.