Ложные друзья переводчика — слова, близкие по звучанию и написанию в разных языках, но имеющие различное значение. Многие из нас начинают изучать испанский как второй иностранный язык, после английского, который изучали в школе. В процессе изучения испанского иногда возникает путаница, например: глагол to come (англ.) - приходить, испанский глагол comer - обедать, принимать пищу. Этимология (происхождение) таких слов может быть абсолютно различной при случайном сходстве их произношения или написания, но также такие слова может связывать общее происхождение (ведь и английский, и испанский относятся к индоевропейской языковой семье). В случае общей этимологии с течением времени в одном языке иногда развивается одно значение слова, в другом языке- другое, и в наши дни эти значения могут оказаться совершенно различными. Для того чтобы избежать наиболее типичных ошибок, мы приводим список слов - "ложных друзей переводчика" для английского и испанского языка:
Español | English | Español | English | |
A | absorber | to engross | engrosar | to increase |
abusar sexualmente | to molest | molestar | to annoy, to bother | |
acertado, oportuno | apt | apto | able | |
agarrar | to grab | grabar | to engrave; to record | |
alcalde | mayor | mayor | bigger; older, elder | |
alcance, registro, gama; cordillera | range | rango | rank | |
alfombra, moqueta | carpet | carpeta | folder | |
animar, motivar | to actuate | actuar | to perform | |
anotar; grabar | to record | recordar | to remember, to remind | |
anuncio publicitario | advertisement | advertencia | warning | |
apoyar, ser fan (de) | to support | soportar | to endure, to put up with | |
asco, repugnancia | disgust | disgusto | misfortune | |
asignado | allocated | alocado | crazy | |
asistir, presenciar | to attend | atender | to take care of | |
atún | tuna | tuna | student music band | |
ayudar | to assist | asistir | to attend | |
azorado, -a | embarrassed | embarazada | pregnant | |
B | baja, víctima | casualty | casualidad | chance |
barril, tonel | cask | casco | helmet; hull | |
biblioteca | library | librería | bookshop | |
C | calumnia | aspersion | aspersión | sprinkling |
campamento | camp | campo | field, countryside | |
cansado | tired | tirado | very easy; dirt-cheap | |
carbono | carbon | carbón | coal | |
cargamento | cargo | cargo | job post, duty | |
carreta | cart | carta | letter | |
cena | dinner | dinero | money | |
chalet | villa | villa | small town | |
cinta | tape | tapa | lid; snack | |
clase, nivel, curso | grade | grado | degree | |
compasión | sympathy | simpatía | friendliness | |
consejo | advice | aviso | notice, warning | |
conservante | preservative | preservativo | condom | |
conveniente | expedient | expediente | file, report | |
cuartel | barracks | barraca | hut | |
cuello (v.g. de camisa) | collar | collar | necklace | |
cuerda, soga | rope | ropa | clothes | |
cuerdo, sensato, en su sano juicio | sane | sano | healthy | |
curriculum vitae | résumé | resumen | summary | |
D | darse cuenta | to realize | realizar | to make, to carry out |
de hecho, en realidad | actually | actualmente | at present, nowadays | |
dejar, abandonar, salir (de) | to quit | quitar | to remove, to put away | |
delante de | in front of | enfrente de | opposite | |
deleite, placer | delight | delito | minor crime | |
desgracia, aflicción, tristeza profunda | misery | miseria | poverty | |
desvío | diversion | diversión | amusement, fun | |
dibujos animados | cartoon | cartón | cardboard | |
director de orquesta; cobrador de un autobús | conductor | conductor | driver | |
discusión | contention | contención | containing | |
disputar, concursar | to contest | contestar | to answer | |
dolor | pain | pena | pity | |
E | engaño | deception | decepción | disappointment |
estreñido | constipated | constipado | having a cold | |
estupendo, fantástico, maravilloso | terrific | terrorífico | terrifying, scaring | |
éxito | success | suceso | event, happening | |
extender, estirar | to stretch | estrechar | to narrow | |
extravagante | bizarre | bizarro | brave | |
F | facultad, universidad | college | colegio | school |
fanático, extremista | bigot | bigote | moustache | |
fecha | date | dato | fact | |
financiar | to fund | fundar | to found | |
fingir, simular | to pretender | pretender | to try | |
florero, jarrón | vase | vaso | glass | |
fútbol americano | football | fútbol | soccer (football) | |
G | gasolina | petrol | petróleo | oil |
gentil, elegante | gracious | gracioso | funny, amusing | |
girar, dar vueltas | to revolve | revolver | to mess up | |
global, exhaustivo | comprehensive | comprensivo | understanding | |
globo | balloon | balón | ball | |
gorra | cap | capa | cloak; layer | |
grande | large | largo | long | |
guión de película | scenario | escenario | stage | |
H | hábil, experto | adept | adepto | follower, supporter |
hierba | grass | grasa | fat; grease | |
himno religioso | hymn | himno | anthem (e.g. national) | |
hipoteca | mortgage | mortaja | shroud | |
I | implicar, involucrar | to involve | envolver | to wrap, to cover |
indignado | indignant | indignante | making (someone) indignant | |
informal, descuidado | casual | casual | (by) chance | |
inquilino | tenant | teniente | lieutenant | |
insulso, insípido | bland | blando | soft | |
J | jabón | soap | sopa | soup |
júbilo, alegría | jubilation | jubilación | retirement (from a job) | |
juzgar, arbitrar | to adjudicate | adjudicar | to award | |
L | letrero, aviso | notice | noticia | news |
locuaz, hablador | voluble | voluble | changeable | |
lujo | luxury | lujuria | lust | |
M | maldición | curse | curso | course |
mermelada; jaleo, alboroto | jam | jamón | (cured) ham | |
mil millones (USA) | billion | billón | trillion (USA) | |
mozo de cuerda | porter | portero | doorman, janitor (USA); goalkeeper | |
N | nicho | alcove | alcoba | bedroom |
normal | regular | regular | poor, not very good, so-so | |
O | objetivo | target | tarjeta | card |
ofender | to affront | afrontar | to face up to | |
orden del día | agenda | agenda | diary | |
P | padres (el padre y la madre) | parents | parientes | relatives |
poco hecho (plato de comida) | rare | raro | strange | |
poco serio | flippant | flipante (coloquial) | thrilling, over the top | |
producto, mercancía | commodity | comodidad | facility | |
programación de estudios | curriculum | curriculum (vitae) | résumé | |
Q | quitar | to remove | remover | to stir |
R | real, verdadero | actual | actual | current |
reanudar | to resume | resumir | to summarize | |
rímel | mascara | máscara | mask | |
S | salida | exit | éxito | hit, success |
sartén | pan | pan | bread | |
sensato, prudente | sensible | sensible | sensitive | |
soltero | bachelor | bachiller | A-level of studies | |
sondar, investigar | to probe | probar | to prove, to test, to try | |
sótano | basement | basamento | base of a column | |
suave, con cuidado | gentle | gentil | pagan; graceful, polite | |
suponer | to presume | presumir | to boast, to show off | |
T | tarifa | rate | rato | while, short time |
taza | cup | copa | glass, goblet | |
tejido, tela | fabric | fábrica | factory | |
totalmente, absolutamente | absolutely | en absoluto | not at all, absolutely not | |
traducir | to translate | trasladar | to move | |
trampa | trap | trapo | rag | |
tranquilo, en silencio | quiet | quieto | still | |
U | uva | grape | grapa | staple, clip |
V | vagabundo | tramp | trampa | trap |
violar sexualmente | to rape | rapar | to shave, to crop |