Figure 4 - Sphere of control and levels of management




 

There is no ideal sphere of control. Many variables in the organization and in environment can influence it.

Need for coordination. The need for coordination existing always becomes essential when work accurately shares both across, and down as it takes place in the modern organizations. If the management doesn't create formal mechanisms of coordination, people won't be able to perform work together.

Tasks. One more direction of division of labor is formation of tasks. The task is the ordered work, a series of works or part of work which has to be executed in advance established way in in advance stipulated terms. Tasks of the organization share on three categories. It is work with people, subjects (cars, raw materials, and tools), and information. Two other important points in work are a frequency of repetition of this task and time necessary for its performance.

2. The technology – is an important internal variable - has bigger value, than traditionally was considered. The technology is a combination of the qualified skills, the equipment, infrastructure, the tool and the corresponding technical knowledge necessary for implementation of desirable transformations in materials, information or people. Influence of this variable on management considerably I was defined by three large revolutions in technology: industrial revolution, standardization and mechanization, application of conveyor assembly lines. The concept of standardization stimulated further increase of specialization, having opened at the same time new ample opportunities for application of unskilled and low-skill work. Mass production of goods and services is based on it. From all existing systems of classification of types of technologies Joan Vudvord's system - the British researcher of management who shared all technologies of product companies into three categories uses the greatest popularity:

1 Single, small-scale or individual production where only one or small series of identical products is at the same time made.

2 Mass or large-lot production is applied at production of a large number of products which are identical each other or very similar. Such type of production is characterized by mechanization, use of standard details and a conveyor way of assembly.

3 Process production uses the automated equipment which works for continuous production of a product, identical on characteristics, in large volumes day and night.

People. In the organization people are to the chosen technologies, important decisive factor at determination of compliance of a specific objective and the content of operations. People are the central factor in any model of management. As the person in society and at work behaves, is a consequence of a complex combination of individual characteristics of the personality and environment.

Area in which people differ are the individual abilities inherent in the person of quality. The organizations try to use distinctions in abilities at the solution of a question, what position and what work will be performed by the specific worker. Selection of the person is a logical means of increase in benefit from specialization. Predisposition, endowments are closely connected with ability. Predisposition is an available potential of the person concerning performance any to work. Predisposition in a certain area facilitates ability acquisition effectively to carry out concrete activity. Predisposition to management is very important when determining candidates for training in management. Requirement - is internal state of psychological or physiological feeling of insufficiency of something. Requirements physiological (need for food, drink, heat), and also psychological requirements of participation, belonging to society or group of people belong to basic requirements. Based on last experience and an assessment of the current situation, people form expectations concerning results of the behavior. These expectations have considerable impact on their today's behavior. The perception strongly influences expectations and all other aspects of behavior. Perception - intellectual understanding of the incentives received from feelings. The perception defines that such" reality" for a concrete individual. People react not that really occurs in their environment, and on that, that they perceive as really occurring. So, if the management wants that workers sought for achievement of the purpose of the organization, it can't be limited to creation of the conditions encouraging workers to it. The management has to tell also to workers that the desirable behavior will lead to satisfaction of their individual requirements. Until workers don't apprehend it and won't believe the management, they won't behave as appropriate. The negative perception of the management is one of the reasons of emergence of serious difficulties at any changes. One more aspect of distinctions between people is their relation to something, or social installations. The relations form our biased perception of environment and by that influence behavior. The relation to work is the important factor defining how people will react to changes of conditions and period of operation, work incentives. Values are the general belief, belief on the fact that it is good and that is bad or that is indifferent in life. Values are got in the way by means of training. The organizations and their heads have the values existing in culture of this society. Concrete values of heads, in particular the top management, are often felt in all organization and reflected in its purposes and policy.

3. Influence of the environment on the personality. The characteristics provided earlier define our identity. The combination of stable characteristics defines our personality. The personality is shown through "the characteristic of the certain person and his behavior which are grouped in such a way that reflect unique character of the adaptation of this person to environment".

The working environment is a certain set of all internal variables which by means of management process are modified and adapted for requirements of the organization. Two aspects of environment strongly influence nature of behavior of the worker, it: groups and administrative leadership.

Groups. Groups can have impact on behavior of specific people. Members of group form the installations divided by them, values and expectations in the questions connected with understanding of behavioral norm. The standards of behavior recognized accepted in these conditions are called as norm. Than more the person appreciates the belonging to group, that more his behavior will coincide with group norms. Group norms can promote or counteract achievement of the formal purposes of the organization. An example of the norms promoting achievement of the objectives are: the high value of a collectivism in group, maintenance of openness in communication. The group standard of behavior which disturbs achievement of the organizational purposes consists in considering everyone who makes more than the planned quantity, "upstart".

Leadership. To be the effective manager, it is necessary to be also the effective leader. Leadership is means by means of which the head influences behavior of people, forcing them to behave definitely. There are some points of view on leadership. One of them concerns style of leadership. Style of the management, leadership reflects values and the manager's views, his attitude towards subordinates, its self-assessment and the personality. Efficiency of concrete style depends on a situation which includes the content of the performed work and individual characteristics of subordinates.

Interrelation of internal variables. All internal variables are interconnected. In the set they are considered as socio - technical subsystems. Change of one of them in a certain degree influences all others. Improvement of one of a variable, for example, such as technology, not necessarily can conduct to increase of productivity if these changes have an adverse effect on other variable, for example people.



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