A plate
Petrographic microscope, whose design usually includes a polarizing filter, rotating stage and gypsum plate to facilitate the study of minerals or other crystalline materials whose optical properties can vary with orientation.
2. Глаголы трудные для перевода
To allow
While most techniques focus on increases in lateral resolution there are also some techniques which aim to allow analysis of extremely thin samples.
To form
The essential principle of the microscope is that an objective lens with very short focal length (often a few mm) is used to form a highly magnified real image of the object.
To produce
Each molecule produces a diffraction-limited spot of light in the image, and the centre of each of these spots corresponds to the location of the molecule.
Resolution in these cases is limited by the size of the probe; micromachining techniques can produce probes with tip radii of 5–10 nm.
To give
Optically isolated" means that at a given point in time, only a single particle/molecule within a region of a size determined by conventional optical resolution (typically approx. 200–250 nm diameter) is being registered.
To make
To make the short-wavelength probe non-destructive, the atomic beam imaging system (atomic nanoscope) has been proposed and widely discussed in the literature, but it is not yet competitive with conventional imaging systems.
3. Ложные друзья для переводчика
Data
Modern microscopes allow more than just observation of transmitted light image of a sample; there are many techniques which can be used to extract other kinds of data.
Figure
In all microscopes the image is intended to be viewed with the eyes focused at infinity (mind that the position of the eye in the above figure is determined by the eye's focus).
Instruments
The specimen chambers needed for all such instruments also limits sample size, and sample manipulation is more difficult.
Material
Petrographic microscope, whose design usually includes a polarizing filter, rotating stage and gypsum plate to facilitate the study of minerals or other crystalline materials whose optical properties can vary with orientation.
The extent and magnitude of the diffraction patterns are affected by both the wavelength of light (λ), the refractive materials used to manufacture the objective lens and the numerical aperture (NA) of the objective lens.
Object
These are processes which modify the PSF of a microscope in a suitable manner to either increase the optical resolution, to maximize the precision of distance measurements of fluorescent objects that are small relative to the wavelength of the illuminating light, or to extract other structural parameters in the nanometer range.
Objective
The objective lens is, at its simplest, a very high powered magnifying glass i.e. a lens with a very short focal length.
Specific
A recent technique (Sarfus) combines cross-polarized light and specific contrast-enhanced slides for the visualization of nanometric samples.
Subject
This creates an enlarged image of the subject.
An item may need to be examined behind a window, or industrial subjects may be a hazard to the objective.
Techniques
Illumination techniques
Many techniques are available which modify the light path to generate an improved contrast image from a sample.
4. Наречия трудные для перевода
Сommercially
Low-powered digital microscopes, USB microscopes, are also commercially available.
To be unlikely
As the number of fluorescing molecules is low the spots of light are unlikely to overlap and therefore can be placed accurately.
5. Слова, близкие по написанию, но разные по значению
About, above
This is brought very close to the specimen being examined so that the light from the specimen comes to a focus about 160 mm inside the microscope tube.
In practice the lowest value of d obtainable with conventional lenses is about 200 nm.
In all microscopes the image is intended to be viewed with the eyes focused at infinity (mind that the position of the eye in the above figure is determined by the eye's focus).
Multiple techniques are available for reaching resolutions higher than the transmitted light limit described above.
To ascribe, to describe, to accept, to except
Multiple techniques are available for reaching resolutions higher than the transmitted light limit described above.
Holographic techniques, as described by Courjon and Bulabois in 1979, are also capable of breaking this resolution limit, although resolution was restricted in their experimental analysis.
In 2005, a microscope capable of detecting a single molecule was described as a teaching tool.
To affect, to effect
The extent and magnitude of the diffraction patterns are affected by both the wavelength of light (λ), the refractive materials used to manufacture the objective lens and the numerical aperture (NA) of the objective lens
They are however, essential when investigating molecular or atomic effects, such as age hardening in aluminium alloys, or the microstructure of polymers.
To attack, to attach
The camera attached directly to the USB port of a computer, so that the images are shown directly on the monitor.
Only, the only(+сущ.)
Optically isolated" means that at a given point in time, only a single particle/molecule within a region of a size determined by conventional optical resolution (typically approx. 200–250 nm diameter) is being registered.