Лексический минимум
include (v) – включать
colour (n) – цвет
definite (adj) – определённый
absorb (v) – поглощать
amount (n) – количество
connect (v) – соединять, связывать
application (n) – применение
destroy (v) – разрушать
protect (v) – защищать
surface (n) – поверхность
ability (n) – способность
cause (v) – вызывать, являться причиной
possess (v) – обладать
resume (v) – возобновлять (форму), восстанавливать,
приниматься снова
Ознакомьтесь с терминами, общепринятыми
в научно-технической литературе.
density – плотность
capacity – ёмкость; объём
heat capacity – теплоёмкость
electrical conductivity – электропроводимость
thermal conduction – теплопроводимость
solid – твёрдый
liquid – жидкий
conductor – проводник
electric current – электрический ток
corrodent – корродирующее вещество
medium – среда (ед. ч.); media – среды (мн. ч.)
coating – покрытие
oxide film – оксидная плёнка
external load – внешняя нагрузка
impact – удар, динамическое воздействие
impact strength – ударная вязкость
shape (n,v) – форма, формировать
decomposition – распад, расщепление
composition – состав, соединение, структура
Прочтите и переведите текст.
Metals and their properties
Metals are widely used in industry because of their properties.
Physical properties. The physical properties of metals include colour, density, melting temperature, thermal conduction, heat capacity, electrical conduction and magnetism.
All metals have different colours, for example, copper is reddish brown, aluminium is silvery white and gold is yellow metallic element. Density is the mass per unit volume. Melting is the conversion of a metal from the solid into the liquid state at a definite melting temperature or melting point. Thermal conduction is the property of metal to transfer heat. Silver, copper and aluminium are the best conductors of heat. Heat capacity is the ability of a metal to absorb a definite amount of heat during heating. Electrical conductivity is the property of metal to conduct electric current. Copper and aluminium have high electric conductivity that’s why they are used in the production of wires. Magnetism is the property of metal connected with magnetic interaction. Iron, nickel, cobalt and their alloys are called ferromagnetic alloys and find a wide application in the production of electric motors, generators, transformers and telephones.
Chemical properties. If metals or alloys corrode, it means that they are slowly destroyed by the effect of air, water, chemicals and other corrodents. The chemical decomposition of materials under the action of corrodents is known as corrosion. Chemical corrosion takes place in a medium that does not conduct electric current while electrochemical corrosion is caused by the action of electrolytes on metals. To protect metals against corrosion, metal surfaces are coated with materials that are resistant to corrosion such as paints, enamels, oxide films.
Mechanical properties. Mechanical properties of metals include strength, hardness, elasticity, toughness. Strength is the resistance of a metal to external loads and stresses. Hardness is the ability of a metal to resist surface deformation.
Elasticity is the ability of a metal to resume its original size and shape.
Toughness (impact strength) is the resistance of a metal to impacts.
In addition to physical, chemical and mechanical properties, metals also possess technological properties.
Послетекстовые упражнения
1. Переведите следующие слова и словосочетания:
Из-за их свойств; физические свойства; теплопроводимость; теплоёмкость; единица объёма; определённая точка плавления; серебристо-белый; передавать тепло; поглощать тепло; определённое количество; проводить электрический ток; магнитное взаимодействие; ферромагнитные сплавы; под воздействием веществ, вызывающих коррозию; происходит в среде; чтобы защитить металлы от коррозии; краски, эмали; восстанавливать первоначальный размер; кроме (в добавлении к); обладать технологическими свойствами; оказывать сопротивление деформации.
2. Переведите следующие слова, обращая внимание
на суффиксы и префиксы:
to conduct – conductor – conductance – conductivity
to use – useful – useless – usage – to misuse
to act – action – active – activity – interaction
to produce – production – product – producer – productivity
to compose – composition – composite – decomposition
to form – form – formation – deformation
to add – addition – additional
to solidify – solid – solidification
to define – definite – indefinite – definition
to resist – resistance – resistant
to generate – generator –generation
to transform – transformer – transformation
3. Прочтите и переведите следующие определения и попытайтесь запомнить их:
property – a quality that a substance (metal) has
deformation – a change in the usual shape of something
conductor – something that allows electricity or heat to travel along it or through it
alloy – a metal that consists of two or more metals mixed together
chemical – a substance used in chemistry or produced by a chemical process
solid – hard with a fixed shape, not a liquid or a gas
shape – the way something looks, works or is organized
heat – warmth or the quality of being hot
4. Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What properties of metals do you know?
2. What are the physical properties of metals?
3. What is density?
4. What process is called melting?
5. What metals are the best conductors of heat?
6. What is heat capacity?
7. What metals have high electric conductivity?
8. What is corrosion?
9. Where does chemical corrosion take place?
10. How do we protect metals against corrosion?
11. What mechanical properties of metals do you know?
12. Is there any difference between hardness and strength?
13. What is toughness?
14. Do metals possess technological properties?
Grammar (дом. зад. на 23.11.17)