1. My friend said that he had finished his scientific research the day before. Мой друг сказал, что он вчера закончил своё научное исследование.
2. The teacher asked when Byron was born. Учитель спросил, когда родился Байрон.
3. I was asked if I knew about our meeting. Меня спросили, знаю ли я о встрече.
4. They asked when the seminar in Administrative Law would take place. Они спросили, когда пройдет семинар по административному праву.
5. She said that she would speak to them if she saw them the next day. Она сказала, что поговорит с ними завтра, если увидит.
6. The students said that they would study many new subjects the next year. Студенты сказали, что в следующем году будут изучать много новых предметов.
7. He said that he had served in the Far East two years before. Он сказал, что до этого служил 2 года на Дальнем Востоке.
Выберите нужное слово.
1. He asked if I had visited my friends (yesterday, tomorrow).
2. They said the conference in Criminal Law would take place (two days ago, the next day).
3. I was asked when I was going to return (here, there).
4. She said she had been in the city of Boston a year (ago, before).
5. He said that the lecture in Criminalistics would take place (today, that day).
6. She said that we could find the articles in (these, those) journals.
Переделайте предложения из прямой речи в косвенную. Обратите внимание на необходимые изменения.
Образцы:
1. She said, «I didn’t watch TV yesterday ».She said that she hadn’t watched TV the day before.
2. She said, «I will go shopping tomorrow ». She said that she would go shopping the next day.
3. My friend said to me, «Give me a pencil, please». My friend asked me to give him a pencil.
4. He asked me, «Can I help you ?» He asked if he could help me.
1. He said, «I won’t be able to attend the meeting tomorrow». He said that he wouldn’t be able to attend the meeting the following day.
2. She said, «I have already met this man». She said that she had already met that man.
3. The students said, «We have already passed our exam in history». The students said that they had already passed their exam in history».
4. He said, «I didn’t do my homework yesterday». He said that he hadn’t done his homework the day before.
5. «Were you born in Moscow?» he asked me. He asked me if I had been born in Moscow.
6. «When will the concert begin», she asked. She asked when the concert would begin.
7. She said, «I’m leaving for London tomorrow». She said she was leaving for London the next day.
8. Переведите текст письменно. Ответьте на вопросы после текста.
Criminal Law
Criminal law is categorized as a part of public law — the law regulating the relations between citizens and the state. Crimes can be thought of as acts which the state considers to be wrong and which can be punished by the state.
In many legal systems it is an important principle that a person cannot be considered guilty of a crime until the state proves he committed it. The suspect himself need not prove anything, although he will of course help himself if he can show evidence of his innocence. The state must prove his guilt according to high standards, and for each crime there are precise elements which must be proven. In codified systems, these elements are usually recorded in statutes. In common law systems, the elements of some crimes are detailed in statutes; others, known as "common law crimes", are still described mostly in case law. Even where there is a precise statute, the case law interpreting the statute may be very important since the circumstances of each crime may be very different.
For example, the crime of theft is defined in England under the 1968 Theft Act as: "dishonestly appropriating property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it".
There are further definitions of each element of the definition, such as appropriating, which may mean taking away, destroying, treating as your own, and selling. The same Act also defines in detail crimes such as burglary (entering someone's land without permission intending to steal or commit an act of violence) and robbery (using force or threats in order to steal from someone). Although the Theft Act was intended to cover many possible circumstances, it is still often necessary for the courts to refer to case law in order to apply the Act to a new case. For example, in the 1985 case of R. vs. Brown, the defendant argued he couldn't be guilty of burglary since he reached through the window of a house without actually going inside. However, the court decided a person can be judged to have "entered" a building if he gets close enough to be able to remove something from it.
There are usually two important elements to a crime: (I) the criminal act itself: and (II) the criminal state of mind of the person when he committed the act.
Of course, the court can never know exactly what was in the head of the killer at the time of the killing, so it has the difficult task of deciding what his intentions must have been. The judgments in many recent cases show that English law is constantly developing its definition of intent.
Questions:
1. What is the criminal law? Criminal law is categorized as a part of public law — the law regulating the relations between citizens and the state. What is a crime? Crimes can be thought of as acts which the state considers to be wrong and which can be punished by the state.
2.What is an important principle in many legal systems according to which a person cannot be considered guilty? a person cannot be considered guilty of a crime until the state proves he committed it.
3. What must be proved for each crime? The state must prove his guilt according to high standards, and for each crime there are precise elements which must be proven.
4. In what law systems are the elements of some crimes detailed? In common law systems, the elements of some crimes are detailed in statutes
5. What is theft and how is it committed? theft is dishonestly appropriating property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it
6. Are there any further definitions for the theft? Yes, there are. What are they? They are burglary and robbery
7. What is burglary? It is entering someone's land without permission intending to steal or commit an act of violence
8. What is the difference between theft and burglary? Burglary is theft with entering someone’s land without permission.
9. What is robbery? It is using force or threats in order to steal from someone
10. What are the two important elements to a crime? There are usually two important elements to a crime: (I) the criminal act itself: and (II) the criminal state of mind of the person when he committed the act.
Уголовное право.
Уголовное право является частью публичного права – права, которое регулирует отношения между гражданами и государством. Преступления могут быть рассмотрены как действия, которые государство считает неправомерными, за которое можно понести наказание перед государством.
Во многих законодательствах существует важный принцип, согласно которому, человека нельзя считать виновным в совершении преступления, пока его вина не будет доказана. Подозреваемый не должен ничего доказывать, хотя он, конечно, поможет себе, если сможет предъявить доказательства своей невиновности. Государство должно доказать вину в соответствии с высокими стандартами, и для каждого преступления существует точный перечень деталей, которые должны быть доказаны. В кодифицированных системах (?) эти детали записаны в законодательных актах. В общей правовой системе, элементы некоторых преступлений записаны в законодательных актах, другие, известные как «преступления по общему праву», описаны в прецендентном праве. Даже там, где существует точный законодательный акт, прецендентное право, объясняющее законодательный акт, может быть очень важным, так как обстоятельства каждого преступления могут отличаться друг от друга.
Например, преступление воровство определено в Англии в Законе о воровстве в 1968 как «нечестное завладение имуществом, принадлежащим другому с намерением никогда это не возвращать».
Дальше существуют определения каждого понятия начального определения, такого как «завладение», что означает – изъятие, разрушение, обращение как со своей собственностью, продажа. Тот же закон разделяет данное преступление на кражу со взломом (проникновение на чужую территорию без разрешения с намерением воровства или совершения акта насилия) и разбой (использование силы или угроз в целях кражи). Хотя в Закон о воровстве постарались включить многие возможные обстоятельства, суду часто бывает необходимо обращаться к прецендентному праву, чтобы применить Закон к конкретному преступлению. Например, в деле Р. Против Брауна 1985 года подсудимый оспаривал обвинение в краже со взломом, так как он совершил преступление через окно, не проникая внутрь помещения. Однако суд решил, что его можно судить за «проникновение» в здание, так как он был достаточно близко, чтобы взять оттуда что-то.
В преступлении есть 2 важный элемента: 1) преступное деяние, и 2) преступное намерение человека, когда он совершает правонарушение.
Конечно, суд никогда не может знать наверняка, что творилось в голове убийцы в момент совершения преступления, поэтому достаточно сложно определить, каковы были намерения. Разбирательство многих дел в суде показывает, что законы Англии постоянно развиваются в определении умысла(намерения).