для студентов 1 курса
специальности «Фармация»
II СЕМЕСТР
Тирасполь, 2015
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
1. Части человеческого тела. Parts of the human body.
2. Личная гигиена. Personal Hygiene
3. Внутренние органы. Internal organs
4. Скелет человека. Skeletal System
5. Мускулатура человека. Muscular System
6. Нервная система. Nervous System
7. Сердечнососудистая система. Cardiovascular System
8. Дыхательная система. Respiratory System
9. Пищеварительная система. Digestive System
10. Мочевая система. Urinary System
11. Половая система. Reproductive System
Итоговое занятие в форме зачета.
Презентация проектов «Системы органов человека».
Themes for the projects:
1. Skeletal System
2. Muscular System
3. Nervous System
4. Cardiovascular System
5. Respiratory System
6. Digestive System
7. Urinary System
8. Male reproductive System
9. Female reproductive System
Рекомендации по выполнению проекта.
1. Определение темы.
2. Изучение терминологии по теме: поиск значения на английском и русском языке, поиск визуального материала (картинки, фото).
3. Перевод текста и всех подписей под картинками с английского языка на русский.
4. Выполнение упражнений по теме.
5. Составление презентации с включением всей информации на русском и английском языке.
6. Защита проекта.
УРОК №1. ЧАСТИ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО ТЕЛА. PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY.
Текстовый глоссарий:
| the head – голова the trunk - туловище the limbs (extremities) – конечности the skull – череп the brain – мозг the forehead – лоб the cheeks – щёки the chin – подбородок the external ear - наружное ухо the middle ear – среднее ухо the internal ear – внут-реннее ухо the mouth – рот gums – дёсна a tongue – язык a palate – нёбо the neck – шея the chest – грудь the abdomen – живот | bones - кости injury – травма muscles - мышцы the upper arm – верхняя часть руки the forearm – предплечье the elbow – локоть the wrist – запястье the hand – кисть руки a thumb – большой палец руки hip (the thigh) – бедро the knee – колено the calf – голень the ankle – лодыжка the skin – кожа toe – палец ноги |
The principal parts of the human body are the head, the trunk, and the limbs (extremities). The upper extremities are arms, the lower extremities are legs.
The head consists of two parts: the skull which contains the brain, and the face which consists of the forehead, the eyes, the nose, the mouth with the lips, the cheeks, the ears, and the chin.
The ear includes three principal parts: the external ear, the middle ear, and the internal ear.
The mouth has two lips: an upper lip and a lower lip. In the mouth there are gums with teeth, a tongue and a palate.
The head is connected with the trunk by the neck. The upper part of the trunk is the chest and the lower part is the abdomen.
The framework of bones called the skeleton supports the soft parts and protects the organs from injury. The bones are covered with muscles.
The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the shoulder. Each arm consists of the upper arm, the forearm, the elbow, the wrist, and the hand. We have five fingers on each hand: a thumb, an index finger, a middle finger, a ring finger, and a little finger.
The lower extremity (the leg) consists of the hip (the thigh), the knee, the calf, the ankle, and the foot. The fingers of feet are called toes.
The body is covered with the skin.
Упражнения
I. Прочитайте и переведите все части тела на картинке с помощью словаря.
II. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
III. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. What are the principal parts of the human body?
2. What parts does the head consist of?
3. What parts does the ear include?
4. What are the upper part and the lower part of the trunk?
5. What do you know about the upper extremity?
6. What does the lower extremity consist of?
7. What is the body covered with?
Составление пересказа по теме.
| Основные части тела человека это голова, туловище и конечности. | The principal parts of the human body are the head, the trunk, and the limbs (extremities). |
| Голова состоит из черепа и лица. | The head consists of the skull and the face. |
| Череп содержит в себе мозг. | The skull contains the brain. |
| Лицо состоит из лба, глаз, носа, рта, щек, ушей и подбородка. | The face consists of the forehead, the eyes, the nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the ears, and the chin. |
| Голова соединяется с туловищем при помощи шеи. | The head is connected with the trunk by the neck. |
| Туловище состоит из грудной клетки и живота. | The trunk consists of the chest and the abdomen. |
| Конечности – это руки и ноги. | The extremities are arms and legs. |
| Руки состоят из верхней части руки, предплечья, локтя, запястья и кисти. | Each arm consists of the upper arm, the forearm, the elbow, the wrist, and the hand. |
| На каждой руке 4 пальца и 1 большой палец. | We have four fingers and a thumb on each hand. |
| Ноги состоят из бедра, колена, голени, лодыжки и стопы. | Each leg consists of the hip, the knee, the calf, the ankle, and the foot. |
| На каждой стопе по 5 пальцев. | We have 5 toes on each foot. |
| Тело покрыто кожей. | The body is covered with the skin. |
УРОК №2. ЛИЧНАЯ ГИГИЕНА. PERSONAL HYGIENE
Текстовый глоссарий:
| 1. external - внешний 2. to avoid - избегать 3. basic - основной 4. alkalis - щелочь 5. to rinse – промывать, ополаскивать 6. comb – гребешок, расчёска 7. essential - существенный 8. germicidal - бактерицидный | 9. bath sponge – губка для ванны 10. irritation - раздражение 11. thoroughly - тщательно 12. continuously - постоянно 13. keratin - кератин 14. to split – раскалываться, ломаться 15. manicure kit – маникюрный набор 16. crudely - грубо |
Personal hygiene is the first step to good health. Elementary cleanliness is common knowledge. Every external part of the body demands a basic amount of attention on a regular basis.
Hygiene of hair
Wash your hair at least once a week using soap or mild shampoo. Avoid shampoos with alkalis. Rinse well. Dry your hair after a wash.
Brush your hair three to four times a day with a soft brush or a wide comb. Wash your brush and comb every time you wash your hair. Oil the scalp, once a week, preferably an hour before hair wash.
Hygiene of skin
In Victorian England, modest young women were taught to wash themselves without getting quite naked.
Soap and water are essential for keeping the skin clean. A good bath once or twice a day is recommended, especially in tropical countries like India. A mild soap will do the job adequately. Germicidal or antiseptic soaps are not essential for the daily bath. You can use a bath sponge for scrubbing.
The genitals and the anus need to be cleaned well because of the natural secretions of these areas, in unhygienic conditions, can cause irritation and infection.
Wash off well after soaping. Drying with a clean towel is important. Avoid sharing soaps and towels. Change into clean underwear after bath.
Hygiene of hands
Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before and after every meal and after visiting the toilet. Soaping and rinsing should cover the areas between fingers, nails and back of the hand. Hands should be dried with a clean towel after wash. The towel at the wash stand has to be washed and changed everyday.
If you need to use a handkerchief or tissue, wash your hands after that. Keep your nails short.
Hygiene of nails
Do not keep your nails painted continuously. It causes the keratin, of which nails are made, to split. Pamper your hands and nails once every three weeks with a manicure.
This requires soaking your hands in warm water for ten minutes, massaging of hands, thorough cleaning and shaping of nails. Choose your manicure kit with care. In some kits, the instruments are crudely made and they will do more harm than good.
Упражнения
1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
2. Переведите на русский язык следующие прилагательные. Составьте с ними словосочетания.
Elementary, external, regular, mild, soft, essential, clean, germicidal, unhygienic.
3. Раскройте скобки, вставляя подходящее по смыслу слово.
1. Wash your hair at least once a (day, week) using soap or mild shampoo.
2. Brush your hair three to four times a day with a (rude, soft) brush.
3. Oil the scalp, once a week, preferably an hour (before, after) hair wash.
4. Germicidal or antiseptic soaps (are, are not) essential for the daily bath.
5. The towel at the wash stand has to be washed and changed (once a week, everyday).
6. (Keep, do not keep) your nails painted continuously.
4. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
1. Мойте волосы как минимум раз в неделю.
2. Высушивайте волосы после мытья.
3. Смазывайте маслом кожу головы перед мытьем.
4. Не пользуйтесь с другими людьми одним мылом и полотенцем.
5. Тщательно мойте руки с мылом и водой.
6. Выбирайте маникюрный набор с особой осторожностью.
6. Подготовьте мини проекты «Гигиена тела». (Индивидуальное задание)
УРОК №3. ВНУТРЕННИЕ ОРГАНЫ. INTERNAL ORGANS
Vocabulary:
| bladder – мочевой пузырь brain - мозг esophagus-пищевод gallbladder-желчный пузырь heart - сердце intestines - кишечник kidneys - почки liver - печень lungs - лёгкие ovaries - яичники pancreas – поджелудочная железа spleen - селезенка stomach - желудок thyroid gland – щитовидная железа uterus - матка | alimentary - пищеварительный cecum – слепая кишка junction – соединение urine - моча pelvic floor – диафрагма таза pharynx – глотка digestion – пищеварение concave portion – вогнутая часть fossa – впадина to pump - качать blood vessels – кровеносные сосуды rhythmic contractions- ритмичные сокращения | urinary system – мочеполовая система electrolytes – электролиты acid-base balance – кислотный баланс detoxification – детоксикация bloodstream – кровоток ovum – яйцеклетка lateral wall of the pelvis – боковая стенка таза to recycle iron – перерабатывать железо fallopian tubes – маточные трубы gestational period – гестационный период (период беременности) |
Human body is known as organism. Human body consists of various organ systems. Each organ system performs a particular task.
Appendix It is a blind-ended tube that is connected to the cecum. The appendix is located near the junction of the small and large intestines.
Bladder In this organ, the urine that is filtered from the kidneys is collected before being disposed off by urination. The bladder is a muscular organ that is elastic in nature. It is located on the pelvic floor.
Brain It is the most important organ of the human body, and it controls all the other parts. It is the center of the nervous system, and is the most complex of all internal organs. The brain controls our sense of vision, hearing, taste, smell, balance, and feeling.
Gallbladder It is one of the smallest internal organs of the human body. It helps in the process of digestion. It is located in the concave portion of liver that is called the gallbladder fossa. The length of this portion is about 8 cm in adults.
Heart After the brain, the heart is the second most important internal organ in humans. It is a muscular organ whose main function is to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body through blood vessels. This action is carried out by repeated and rhythmic contractions. On an average, the human heart beats about 72 times per minute, and weighs 250 to 300 gm in females, and 300 to 350 gm in males.
Intestines They are a segment of the alimentary canal, and they extend from the stomach to the anus. They are divided into: small intestine and the large intestine.
Kidneys They serve as the most important part of the urinary system. Their function is regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid-base balance, regulation of blood pressure, production of urine, etc.
Liver It is one of the most vital internal organs of the human body. The liver is an absolute necessity for survival. It carries out several functions including detoxification of blood, production of biochemicals for digestion, and protein synthesis.
Lungs These organs are responsible for respiration. In humans, a pair of lungs is located in the chest on either side of the heart. Their function is to transport atmospheric oxygen into bloodstream, and release carbon dioxide from blood into the atmosphere.
Ovaries They are ovum-producing reproductive organs that are present in pairs in females. They are located in the lateral wall of the pelvis.
Pancreas They belong to both the endocrine and digestive systems. These organs produce important hormones like insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. They also produce pancreatic juice that contains digestive enzymes. If the pancreas do not function normally, it may lead to diabetes mellitus.
Spleen The organ is very important with respect to the immune system. It is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Its function is to remove old red blood cells and also to recycle iron. The spleen in an adult human body is about 11 cm in length.
Stomach The muscular, hollow bag in the alimentary canal is called the stomach. It is the primary organ of the digestive system that is involved in the second phase of food digestion. The location of this organ is between the esophagus and small intestine.
Thyroid gland The largest endocrine gland of the human body is the thyroid gland, which is located in the neck. It helps to control the use of energy in the body.
Uterus It is the most important part of the female reproductive system. This organ is internally connected to the fallopian tubes on each side, and opens into the vagina at one end. In this organ the fetus develops during gestational period.
Exercises:
Read and translate the text. Learn the names of internal organs.