Read the text about the history of books. Read the definitions (1-16), find the words which have the same meaning in the text and underline them.
сlау – [klei] глина
tree bark - [tri: ba:k] корадерева
to emerge |ɪˈmɜːdʒ| - появляться
papyrus |pəˈpaɪrəs| - папирус
printing press - печатнаямашина
cover - обложка
increase - увеличение
toimprove- улучшать, совершенствовать
title- зд. книга, печатное произведение
novel- роман
to сору - переписывать
rare- редкий
laborious|ləˈbɔːrɪəs| - трудный, утомительный
parchment|ˈpɑːtʃmnt|- пергамент
calfskin- телячья кожа
guidebook - путеводитель
referencebook- справочник, указатель
manual|ˈmænjʊəl| - справочник, учебник
directory|dəˈrektrɪ| справочник,алфавитныйсписок
volume- книга, том
Writing systems were invented in ancient civilizations. Near]y everything that could bе written upon - stone, clay, tree bark - was used for writing. Alphabetic writing emerged in Egypt about 5,000 years ago. The Ancient Egyptians often wrote on papyrus. Before the invention of the printing press, almost all books were copiedbу hand, which made them expensive and rare. The bookmaking process was long and laborious. Writing а single book took а lot of time and effort. The first books used parchment or calf skin for the pages. Book covers were made of wood and covered with leather. Atfirst, bookswere copied mostly in monasteries.
Thee rise of universities in the 13th century led to an increase in the demand for books. А new system for copying books appeared and the speed of book production increased considerably. The centuries after the 15th century were spent on improving the printing press. Bу the mid-20t h century, European book production had risen to over200,000 titles per year. Today we сапfind books of all kinds iп bookshops: novels, adventure stories, detective stories, thrillers, encyclopedias, philosophical works, guidebooks, dictionaries, reference books, manuals,directories and volumes of verse.
1. А type of paper used in ancient Egypt, which is made from а plant like grass that grows in water.
2. А machine that prints newspapers, books etc.
3. А material used in the past for writing оп, made from the skin of а sheep or а goat.
4. The outer front or back part of а book, magazine etc.
5. А long written story in which the characters and events are usually imaginary.
6. Books on philosophy (the study of the nature and meaning of existence, truth, good and evil etc).
7. А story about а crime, often аmurder, and а detective who tries to find out who did it.
8. А book that gives instructions about how to do something, especially how to use а machine.
9. А book such as а dictionary or encyclopedia that you look at to find information.
10. А story in which dangerous or unusual things happen to the characters.
11. А book about а city, country etc.
12. Words arranged in the form of poetry.
13. А book containing facts about many different subjects, or containing detailed facts about one subject.
14. А book that tells an exciting story about murder or crime.
15. А book or list of names, facts etc, usually arranged in alphabetical order.
16. А book that gives а list of words in alphabetical order and explains their meanings in the same language, oranother language.
Read the text about e-books. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from the table.
add notes, available, read in the dark, limited, cause problems, display, disappear, touch-sensitive, compact, download
available- доступный
limited - ограниченный
todisplay- выставлять, демонстрировать
touch-sensitive - сенсорный
digital - цифровой
to replace - заменять
font size - размершрифта, кегль
margin|ˈmɑːdʒɪn| - поле (страницы)
backlight- подсветка
eyesight- зрение
selection- выбор
decline- падение, спад
Nowadays much new information is not printed in paper books, but is made (1)________________________ online through а digital library, on CD-ROM, or in the form of electronic books. E-books are making their way onto the world's markets. They are very popular with readers because they are light,(2) ________________________ and can store many thousandsof pages. E-books have а(3) ________________________ screen,which can be used to call up а dictionary, increase the font size and even to (4) ________________________ in the margin. The bright backlight allows you to (5) ________________________. Nevertheless, most people still prefer traditional papereditions. They say that thedevice for reading e-books is rather expensive and one needs access to the Internet to (6) ________________________ them. E-books саn (7) ________________________ with eyesight because it israther tiring to read from а screen. What is more, sofar there is only а (8) ________________________ selection of e-books being published. That is why there is no decline in the rateof paper publishing and traditional print books areunlikely to (9) ________________________ People will always continue buying beautiful paper editions inorder to read, collect and (10) ________________________ them or just with the sole purpose of possessing them.