SAFE OPERATION OF SHIPS
The International Convention for the Safety of life at sea is concerned with safety and health on ships. The Regulations include all aspects such as: safe conditions of workplaces, keeping ladders and companionways clear of obstructions, provision and maintenance of non-slip walking surfaces, adequate lighting heating and ventilation, appropriate instructions.
The master of the ship shall be supplied with data necessary to maintain sufficient intact stability under service conditions to enable the ship to withstand the critical damage.
There shall be permanently exhibited, for the officer in charge of the ship, plan shoving clearly for each deck and hold the boundaries of the watertight compartments, the openings therein with the means of closure and position of any controls thereof, and the arrangements for the correction of any list due to a casualty whether the ship is upright or listed.
In no case shall any subdivision load line mark be placed above the deepest load line in salt water as determined by the strength of the ship and/or the International Convention respecting load lines in force.
Ship shall be provided with an efficient bilge pumping plant and draining any watertight compartment, which is neither a permanent oil compartment nor a permanent water compartment.
The main steering gear shall be of adequate strength and sufficient to steer the ship at maximum service speed. The main steering gear and rudder stock shall be so designed that they are not damage at maximum astern speed.
Слова:
Ladder
Companionway
Obstruction
Maintenance
Appropriate
Intact stability
Damage
Boundary
Watertight
Compartment
Closure
Casualty
Upright
Sidescuttle
Sill
Margin line
Bilge pumping plant
Gear
Astern
Consent
drain
to withstand
To steer
Steering gear
-трап
- сходный трап
- препятствие
- содержание
- соответствующий
- устойчивость
- повреждение
- край
- герметичный
- водонепроницаемый отсек
- закупорка
- авария
- прямое/вертикальное положение
- иллюминатор
- нижняя кромка
-придельная линия
-трюмная помпа
-механизм, оснастка
-задний (ход), за кормой
-согласие
-дренаж
-противостоять
-править рулем
-рулевое устройство
SANITARY RULES
International Sanitary Rules were adopted in 1926 by the International Sanitary Convention. Further they were changed, Specified and adopted in 1969 by the International Health organization and they are in force op till now.
Sanitary regime control its observation are realized by the Coastal state on international rules bases. International Sanitary rules are introduced in either country by the correspondent act of the Health department
If any foreign vessel doesn't fulfil sanitary rules regime then she cannot be detained in the port with the exception of time necessary for compulsory or forced sanitary treatment in case of yellow fever. The vessel can leave me port but during the whole period of voyage she cannot call at any other port of the same state sanitary rules of which had been broken by her.
Sanitary inspection of the vessels is conducted round the clock at the berth and only in the special cases in the roadstead. When ill man on board, lack of water, food, fuel, etc.
Pumping out of the ballast waters in me port water area is conducted only with the permission of the Sanitary Service. After washing the holds, water can be pumped out only with the permission of Sanitary Quarantine Service. All Sanitary operations are registered in the special book and sanitary certificate is given in case when all requirements are observed.
Isolation of ill persons, prohibition on import or export of certain cargoes, disaffection, deratisation are maintained in the interests of all countries and nations.
Notes:
compulsory –обязательный yellow fever -лихорадка
prohibition -запрет
to specify -точно определять
FIRE PREVENTION MEASURES
Fire prevention measures of ships are provided by its constructive, organizational and technical aspects and also by adequate actions of the crew in their fight with fire. It is noted that considerable per cent of fire accidents are connected with the explosion and ignition of light type fuel. Explosions of hydraulic systems, short circuits, defects in electrical equipment have also high frequency. Usually fire in the engine - room is the result of lubricants ignition in the bearings of the main and auxiliary mechanisms.
The other type of «thermal» accidents takes place because of the open fire that is because of sparks during welding process. But we mustn't forget about negligence of the crew or ship builder's shortcomings. It is necessary to observe requirements on storage of dangerous materials. Hold should be dry and clean with appropriate ventilation. Paints must have low thermal conductivity with the aim to lessen the spreading speed of fire.
Inflammable materials must have inscription and marking, be checked periodically on validity and expiration date, leakage, tightness of cover and so on. It is compulsory far every ship to have highly efficient fire extinguishing system and also individual oxygen apparatus, means for hands protection, in a word everything that is necessary to safe life of every man at sea.
Notes
short circuit - короткое замыкание
bearings - подшипники
ignition - возгорание
sparks - искры
welding - сварка
shortcomings - недостатки
validity - пригодность
expiration date - истечение срока годности
extinguishing system - системы огнетушения
extinguisher - огнетушитель
REGISTER OF SHIPPING
Register of shipping is the juridical body. Its main objective is to increase safety of navigation. There is Register of Shipping not only in our country but in Great Britain - British Lloyd's, in France-French Veritas, in Sweden-Swedish Lloyd's, in Norway-Norwegian Lloyd's and American Bureu in the USA. Register of Shipping supervises for the implementation of international conventions, takes part in the work of international organization.
Register works out and issues classification rules, for sea going vessels, construction rules and also rules for ship's measurement and definition of their load line. Register defines the degree of wear, conducts survey and produces the following skips documents: Load Line Certificate, Certificate for Seaworthiness, Passenger Certificate, Certificate for Minimum Freeboard and Certificate for the use of Shipboard radiostation.
Vessels, which are built according to these rules, are given adequate certificate of class in the Register. This certificate is acknowledgment of vessel's reliability and fitness for the navigation.
Class of the merchant vessel defines solidity thus gives tile right on definite Load Line and region of navigation. Insurance societies establish the amount of the insurance sum on the technical class basis and take correspondent dues from Shipowners and Shippers for the cargo carried on board. We know that dues and charges for the services rendered to the ship are always calculated from gross Register Tonnage. It is the work of shipping register to ascertain BRT, GRT and NRT of any vessel. Vessel's class is lowered in case of the loss of original Solidity, after accidents, even partially.
Lowering of the class is unprofitable for the shipowner because this may lead to increase of the insurance does and also to increase of the minimum Freeboard that is to reduction of freight-carrying capacity.
Notes
juridical body -юридический документ
implementation -выполнение
to supervise -вести контроль
to issue - выпускать
survey -осмотр, инспекция
Load Line Certificate -Свидетельство о грузовой марке
Certificate for seaworthiness -Свидетельство о Мореходности
Certificate for Minimum Freeboard -Свидетельство по Минимальной Линии Загрузки
Acknowledgment -зд. Документ, признающий
Merchant vessel - торговое судно
Insurance - страховое общество
to establish - учреждать
dues and charges - пошлины и налоги
BRT - брутто регистрированный тоннаж
CRT - брутто регистрированный тоннаж
NRT - нетто регистрированный тоннаж