Magnitogorsk Turns 70
Grammar: 1. The Infinitive;
2. The Participle II;
3. that; since; one; it; a noun-group.
1. Translate the following sentences, mind the function of the Infinitive.
1. Engineers use artificial fibre to reinforce the metal. 2. Design organizations are improving drilling technique to plan and analyze the exploitation of deposits. 3. To raise oil extraction the geologists have to drill deeper. 4. To detect broken parts in time a new device was developed in our shop. 5. Automatic and semi-automatic conveyer lines are being installed to process raw materials. 6. Several tons of rich ore are required to obtain one ounce of radium. 7. To find new sources of energy is a problem of our time. 8. To make a soft landing on the moon is not an easy task. 9. There is a vast program of calculations and experiments to be carried out at the research centre. 10. The plate to be welded is placed on a special welding table. 11. To solve the problem one applies Newton’s Laws of Motion. 12. The cars to be produced by this plant will be very comfortable and economical.
2. Translate the following sentences, mind the function of the Participle II.
1. A big army of scientists armed with the latest research equipment is constantly working on new problems. 2. The results achieved depended on the extensive tests carried out by the group of engineers. 3. When uncovered the oil reservoirs may provide many regions with fuel. 4. The tasks explained by the engineer were very important. 5. We use many products obtained from crude oil. 6. The data obtained are necessary for our engineers. 7. The engine cooled by water may be started again. 8. When completed the design of the aircraft must meet the specification. 9. The ingots used weighed as much as 25 tons. 10. The value of the voltage developed is absolutely independent of the size or kind of conductor used. 11. There is a definite relation between the direction of the current in the coil and the direction of the magnetic field produced.
12. With the few exceptions, solids expand when heated and contract when cooled. 13. Copper does not oxidize at ordinary temperature when exposed to pure dry air. 14. Steel has great elastic properties but it is not durable if exposed to moisture. 15. Iron and steel if unprotected, will rust completely through. 16. If broken anywhere, the electric circuit will immediately stop carrying a current. 17. Aluminum is a soft metal that is why it is used only when alloyed with other metals. 18. The processing of the trajectory measurements made after the station was put into interplanetary orbit showed that the “Venus 2” trajectory was close to the one estimated. 19. When obtained the data showed the accuracy of our measurement.
3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “that”.
1. That the sun is a typical star is one of the most significant facts of modern astronomy. 2. A catalyst is a substance that aids or retards a reaction without itself being changed or consumed. 3. Each element has certain properties that distinguish it from other elements. 4. It is well known that atomic energy can serve for power generation. 5. An object is hot if its temperature is higher than that of our bodies. 6. The mass of each cathode ray is much smaller than that of any known atom. 7. One of the advantages of glass plastics is that raw material for them is to be found everywhere. 8. Among the numerous problems to be solved were those connected with the space flight. 9. The capabilities of a digital computer are in general far greater than those of an analog computer. 10. It can be stated that only on rare occasions cement fail to satisfy the standard requirements.
4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “since”.
1. Since electricity has substituted gas for lighting purposes, gas has become more generally used for warming. 2. We referred to the history of man’s use of atomic energy since the beginning of the 20-th century.
3. In one second the Sun radiates more energy than man has used since the beginning of civilization. 4. This method has many attractive qualitative features, since it gives solutions to many problems. 5. Since concrete is especially advantageous in resisting compression, its use is more desirable for columns and walls. 6. It has been estimated that the Moscow Metro has carried already about 100,000 million passengers since it went into operation. 7. Since modern development gave us the electron theory, we can say that electricity is the stream of electrons. 8. With the tremendous amount of electricity available it will be possible to obtain vast quantities of various metals, since there are great sources of raw materials. 9. An ammeter is required to have a low resistance, since all the current must pass through it.
5. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “one”.
1. The new high-speed computers have a number of advantages over the old ones. 2. This property is more important than the one mentioned above. 3. One can easily accelerate the speed using the accelerator.
4. Heat always passes from a cold body to a hot one. 5. On these test pieces one could not determine externally any corrosive action. 6. One should also note that isotopes may be employed in measuring the diffusion of metals. 7. Electrons, as one knows, are minute negative charges of electricity. 8. The videophone is a telephone with a TV screen in which one can see a person one is speaking with. 9. One must remember that electric currents ordinary flow only in a complete circuit. 10. One important use of food is to serve as a source of energy.
6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word “it”.
1. It is possible to design a machine-tool line so that it can produce a whole series of articles. 2. It is hard to find a sphere of science and engineering where the latest achievements of atomic physics are not employed. 3. It is necessary to note that the company has been able to maintain the export of products at the level of 3 Mt/y. 4. It is known that scientific laws are based on numerous experiments and verified facts.
5. It was discovered that the brittleness of steel increases with its hardness. 6. It is found that the addition of carbon makes steel harder but less ductile. 7. Outer space research is important not only from a scientific point of view, it is of tremendous practical significance too. 8. When natural gas is substituted for coal and mazout, it clears the air in cities. It also brings about important technological changes in a number of industries. 9. One of the world’s largest underground car parks has been made in London. It accommodates more than 8,000 cars. 10. It is considered that MMK produces the broadest range of steel products. It makes about 300 steel grades.
7. Translate the following noun-groups.
steel producer, oxygen converter, production capacity, products structure, steel products, sinter plants, power plants, power consumption, export deliveries, steel grade, steel making operation, modernization plan, pipe manufacture, long-term loans, world-class roads, world steel market, state-subsidized pensions, open-hearth furnace steelshop, Siemens-Martin steelmaking unit, steel refining facilities, long products division, large-scale investment programme, international quality standards, high-quality steel grades, steel pouring ladle, charity fund, monetary bonuses, significant housing construction programme, automated process control system, slab and billet continuous caster, environment friendly production facilities, general purpose zinc coated sheet.
8. Translate the following groups of words, mind the Possessive Case of nouns.
the world’s largest steel producer; the works’ range of products; the works’ rolling division; an international experts’ team; the company’s charity fund; Russia’s largest industrial enterprise; MMK’s products; MMK’s financial support and participation; the city’s airport; the customers’ specifications; the city’s largest employer; the nation’s largest open-hearth furnace steelshop; Europe’s most modern coke gas treatment plant; the city’s disabled and pensioners.
Vocabulary.
| Iron ore To mine blast furnace to commission open-hearth furnace rolling mill twin-bath unit facilities range of products strip cold formed sections galvanized sheet electrolytic tinplate continuous caster to refine to dismantle capacity to renovate to shift emphasis flat steel share coated steel products to upgrade long products output light section mill wire rod mill to revamp sinter utilities system treatment discharge to evolve higher value added products downstream processing two-stand reversing cold mill general purpose customer delivery band billet ladle-furnace lining to pour heat to purchase mortgage to process | железная руда добывать доменная печь сдать в эксплуатацию мартеновская печь прокатный стан 2-х ванный агрегат оборудование, мощности, агрегаты ассортимент продукции, сортамент полоса гнутые профили оцинкованный лист электролитическая луженая жесть машина непрерывного литья очищать, рафинировать демонтировать, разбирать (на части) мощность подновлять, реконструировать сдвигать, переключаться акцент, ударение листовая (плоская) сталь доля прокат с покрытием модернизировать сортовой прокат продукция, производительность мелкосортовой стан проволочный стан ремонтировать, починять агломерат система энергоносителей обработка разгрузка, выход, спуск, выпуск развиваться продукция глубокой переработки (здесь) последующая переработка (здесь) 2-х клетьевой реверсивный стан холодной прокатки общего назначения покупатель, заказчик доставка лента заготовка, сляб печь-ковш облицовка, футеровка заливать плавка покупать ипотека, заклад обрабатывать |
Read and memorize the following verbs.
| 1. to install 2. to introduce 3. to extend 4. to employ 5. to implement 6. to control 7. to carry out 8. to create 9. to ensure 10. to exist 11. to divide | устанавливать внедрять расширять, удлинять предоставлять работу выполнять, осуществлять управлять выполнять, проводить создавать обеспечивать существовать делить |
11. Translate the words of the same stem.
to develop – development – developing;
to commission – commissioning – decommissioning;
to lead – leader – leading;
to continue – continuation – continuous – continuously;
to cast – casting – caster;
to complete – completion – complete – completely;
to create – creator – creation – creating;
to refine – refining – refinery;
to compete – competition – competitive.
12. Read the following text.
Magnitogorsk Turns 70
The construction of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK) started in 1928. In the following year, iron ore mining started at the now famous Magnitnaya Mountain. A mere three years later on February 1st, 1932, the first blast furnace produced pig iron, thus making the birth of MMK.
By 1941 MMK had become the largest enterprise in the country’s steelmaking sector and has maintained that leading position ever since. It now ranks 17th among the world’s largest steel producers.
The Works has passed through several stages in its structural and technological development, each successive stage elevating it to an entirely new level.
The 1960s saw the commissioning of the 2500mm hot and cold rolling mills, two 2014m3blast furnaces and the nation’s largest open-hearth furnace steelshop with twin-bath and Siemens-Martin steelmaking units.
The 70s through the 90s was a period of commissioning facilities which significantly broadened the Works’ range of products, such as lines for producing cold rolled strip, cold formed sections, galvanized sheet and electrolytic tinplate.
Over the 10-year period from 1990 to 2000 steelmaking production at the Works was radically modernized and most of the obsolete open-hearth furnace production replaced by oxygen converters (BOF). The BOF shop includes three 350 tonne converters, continuous casters and a sophisticated automation process control system and steel refining facilities.
All this enabled the decommissioning and dismantling of 30 open-hearth furnaces with a total production capacity of 8 Mt/y. The site where the furnaces used to be is now an expanse of green lawn. Whereas prior to 1990 all steel had been made in open-hearth furnaces, now almost 80% is produced in oxygen converters and cast in continuous casters.
The Works’ rolling division has also been fundamentally renovated. In 1994 a new 2000mm hot rolling mill was put on stream with an annual capacity 5Mt of strip. This event changed the entire products structure of MMK shifting emphasis towards flat rolled steel, its share currently accounting for 75% of output, and includes coated steel products.
The long products division is also in the process of upgrading: two light section mills were decommissioned and a new wire rod mill put into operation in 2000.
Alongside new construction, the company is carrying out in-depth revamping of the existing facilities, such as blast furnaces, sinter plants, the Works’ utilities system and power plants.
Environmental
The Company has also been implementing a consistent and purposeful environmental program. In 1999 Europe’s most modern coke gas treatment plant was put on stream at MMK. Over the past decade total harmful discharges into the environment have decreased fourfold.
An international experts’ team which visited the Magnitogorsk Works within the framework of the TACIS project (Assistance to the Development of the Russian Steel Industry) in May 2001, noted that the profound upgrading of the plant coupled with the creation of environment friendly production facilities had practically raised the company to the level of international environmental standards. Specific power consumption at MMK has lately come close to European standards amounting in 2000 to 27 GJ/t of liquid steel.
Output
The Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works is one of Russia’s largest industrial enterprises and accounts for 20% of all rolled steel produced in the country.
For the past 5 years the Works has been developing at an accelerated pace, with output increasing 156% between 1996 and 2001. In 2001 MMK produced over 9.2Mt of rolled steel while in 2002 it is planned to produce 9.5Mt.
The structure of commercial products at MMK has been constantly evolving towards higher value added items.
In the next two years the company intends to concentrate on projects ensuring downstream processing of steel.
As part of this effort, MMK is currently implementing a large-scale investment programme aimed at creating a modern production complex for cold rolled sheet which will be competitive on the world market. This programme includes such projects as the modernization of the existing 2500mm cold rolling mill, construction of a new two-stand reversing cold mill under a contract with SMS-Demag of Germany, with a capacity of 800 kt/y, and construction of a continuous galvanizing line with an annual capacity of 330 kt of general purpose zinc coated sheet and 170 kt of zinc-iron coated automotive sheet (equipment to be supplied by Danieli of Italy). The latter two projects are planned for completion in 2002.
The Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works produces the broadest range of steel products among the steelmaking enterprises of Russia and the CIS.
It makes about 300 steel grades, produces 1800 sizes and shapes of cold rolled sheet, 780 sizes and shapes of hot rolled sheet, and 400 of cold-formed sections.
With the commissioning of the new galvanizing line, MMK will become one of the main producers of galvanizing sheet for Russia’s automotive industry. The high quality of products from the new cold rolling mill will allow MMK to access the world markets with higher value added products.
The company has a worldwide reputation. Practically all of its products are produced according to international standards.
In 1999-2000 about 60% of MMK’s products were exported to different parts of the world, while in 2001, due to increased shipments to domestic customers, the share of export deliveries fell to 53%. Of this percentage, 67.2% is accounted for by flat rolled products, including 16.7% of cold rolled strip and 7.7% of coated sheet (galvanized sheet and tin plate).
It is noteworthy that in spite of the disputed anti-dumping procedures initiated in the USA against shipments of flat products from Russia producers, including MMK, the company has been able to maintain the exports of this type of products at the level of 3Mt/y.
Consistent efforts at creating and maintaining process conditions required for producing steel to international quality standards, permit the company to make any steel grade according to the customers’ specifications.
This potential will be further expanded thanks to the future upgrading of the steelmaking operations. In the short-term it is planned to close part of the remaining 2Mt/y capacity open-hearth steelshop. The three Siemens-Martin open-hearth furnaces currently still in use will be decommissioned and one of the two remaining twin-bath units will be modernized. Phase one of the modernization plan will also see the installation of universal slab and billet continuous caster and a ladle-furnace, and later, a second continuous caster and modern steelmaking units.
To ensure stable operation of the three existing BOF converters at the level of 9-9.5Mt/y, it is also planned to replace two existing continuous casters with new ones raising their capacity to 2.8Mt of slabs each, to introduce an automated process control system at two older BOF converters under a contract with Voest Alpine Industrieanlagenbau, and to take steps to extend the life of the lining of the converters and steel pouring ladles up to 5000 heats and 100 pourings, respectively.
Alongside efforts to increase the production of BOF steel, steps are being taken to improve its quality. The completion of a state-of-the-art ladle-furnace from VAI / Fuchs-Systemtechnik, Germany, allows the refinement of up to 5.5Mt of steel and creates the conditions for producing a new range of high-quality steel grades, including those for pipe manufacture.
Workforce
A training programme for personnel is underway at MMK designed to provide new skills and knowledge to meet the challenges of the market economy.
The Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works Company is carrying out large-scale social programs both within the company and for the city of Magnitogorsk. It is all the more important since MMK is by far the city’s largest single employer.
The city of Magnitogorsk was built and grew together with the Works. At present its population is about 440.000 while MMK and its associated companies employ approximately 60.000.
Thanks to the company’s charity fund ‘Metallurg’ the city’s disabled and pensioners receive regular monetary bonuses in addition to their state-subsidized pensions.
MMK is also implementing a significant housing construction programme and extending to its employees long-term loans (up to 15 years) on preferential terms for purchasing housing. Over the last five years 130.000m2of housing floor space have been built and turned over to the employees within this programme.
2001 has marked the start of a transition to mortgage housing financing through bank loans on a preferential basis guaranteed by MMK.
With MMK’s financial support and participation world-class roads are being built in the city and the outlying areas and the city’s airport has been renovated and upgraded to the status of an airport capable of servicing international flights.
There are extensive investments in sports-related projects. Currently a water park is under construction in the city, the first of its kind in a Russian city the size of Magnitogorsk.
Finding comprehensive solutions to production, economic and social problems and continually developing and improving its production facilities, MMK, born in the 20th century, is seeing its rebirth into the 21st century.
Building on its best traditions of the past and starting new ones in the present, the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works is confident of becoming a major player on the world steel markets.