Since the government failed to fulfil a single promise, we can consider it ineffective.
The training was rather comprehensive inasmuch as it covered nearly all aspects of the topic.
Prepositions
Because of / Owing to / In view of / Owing to / Due to (the fact that)
In view of the scheme's high chances of failure, the government decided not to fund it.
Adverbials
Thus / therefore / consequently / as a result / as a consequence / accordingly/ hence
He passed his exams. Thus, he was able to go to university.
Computers can store an enormous amount of information and regularly update it - hence they are being used more and more for research purposes.
Nouns
An outcome of / an upshot / a consequence / a result / an effect on / an impact on…
The upshot of it all was that we had to start the experiment anew.
Verbs (Table 1)
| Cause à Result | Result à Cause |
| to cause to lead to to result in to bring about to give rise to to provoke to generate to trigger to spark off to precipitate to determine to facilitate to account for to contribute to to stimulate to induce | to be caused by to arise out of to result from to stem from to spring from to be derived from to ensue |
Exercise 2
A) B1/B2
Fill in the gaps with a suitable connector of reason/result from the expressions given.
AS A RESULT IN CONSEQUENCE FOR THIS REASON therefore since as BECAUSE
1 I knew I couldn’t pass the exam. ____________________, I didn’t sign up and decided to practice more to improve my English.
2 The fastest these animals can run is about 65 kph and ____________________their hunting methods have to be very efficient.
3 ____________________ you have no time to waste, you will have to get down to work immediately.
4 ____________________ the rain had poured for three days in a row, the town was flooded.
5 Many roads are flooded. ____________________, there are long delays.
6 The Red Cross has not been allowed to inspect the camps, and ____________________ little is known about them.
7 ___________________he speaks very little English, I talked to him through an interpreter.
B) B2/C1
Fill in the gaps with a suitable connector of reason/result.
THEREFORE ACCORDINGLY HENCE AS A CONSEQUENCE SINCE owing to CONSEQUENTLY THUS
1 She complained of stiffness in her joints. ____________________, she was admitted to hospital for further tests.
2 The Cold War has ended. ____________________, the two major world powers have been able to reduce their arms budgets dramatically.
3 ____________________ these were the only films we'd seen of these people, we got the impression that they did nothing else but dance to classical music.
4 Japan has a massive trade surplus with the rest of the world. ____________________, it can afford to give more money to the Third World.
5 The computer has become smaller and cheaper and ____________________ more available to a greater number of people.
6 I'm not a member of the Church of England myself. ____________________, it would be rather impertinent of me to express an opinion.
7 If I am to accept certain limitations on my freedom, I must be assured that others are accepting the same restraints. ____________________, an income policy has to be controlled if it is to be effective.
8 It is believed that some bacteria are more resistant nowadays ____________________ the overuse of antibiotics.
C) B2/C1
Use verbs from Table 3.1 above to fill in the gaps. More than one option is possible.
1 His grandparents ____________________ his decision to become a physician.
2 Parental attitude significantly ____________________ how well a child adapts to school.
3 The President’s speech ____________________ an angry response.
4 The explosion ____________________ by the heat.
5 The tilting of the earth on its axis ____________________ the change in the seasons.
6 Jane’s determination ____________________ her desire to improve the world.
7 The country’s victory ____________________ a new mood in society.
8 The mobile phone ____________________ the information revolution.
9 Some drugs may ____________________ drowsiness.
10 Certain benefits can be ____________________ from the current situation.
(This exercise adapted from Academic Vocabulary in Use
by Michael McCarthy and Felicity O’Dell)
Exercise 3
Writing: Choose one of the following subjects to write about. Use brainstorming, mind-mapping, freewriting or outlining to discover, explore and analyze immediate and ultimate causes and effects of your chosen subject.
B1/B2
1. Why some people choose not to carry a cell (mobile) phone.
2. Effect(s) of a parent, teacher, coach or friend on you.
3. Causes or effects of road rage.
4. Causes or effects of violence in schools.
5. Effects of social media on teenagers.
6. Causes or effects of air, water or noise pollution.
7. Reasons for the changes which occurred in your home town over the last 10 years.
B2/C1
1. Environmental effects of bottled water.
2. Reasons for the disintegration of a family.
3. Effects of long-term unemployment.
4. Reasons for or consequences of racial, gender or religious discrimination.
5. Reasons for or consequences of the changing nature of work.
6. Reasons for or consequences of a form of cheating (e.g. examinations, insurance claims, taxes) that is socially sanctioned.
7. Effects of "the twelfth man" at soccer matches.
This exercise adapted from https://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~jsuther/cause-effect.html
Exercise 4 (B2/C1)
Writing: Causes produce various effects. For instance, hot weather affects humans by causing rapid heartbeat and muscle pain. Rapid heartbeat and muscle pain can result in people feeling tired and becoming ill. Listed below are causes and various effects related to problems with hot weather. Write two paragraphs in which you explain the causes and effects of such phenomena. Use sentence patterns and vocabulary that specify cause and effect.
Paragraph 1:
CAUSE: hot weather à EFFECTS: the body temperature rises; muscle pain develops; the heartbeat becomes rapid
Paragraph 2:
CAUSE: high body temperature à EFFECTS: the body sweats; the body loses water
CAUSE: muscle pain à EFFECTS: people feel tired, weak
CAUSE: loss of body water; feeling tired, weak à EFFECTS: serious illness