Alignment [выравнивание] or Contamination has a limited sphere of application. It is used only in a predicate. The result of the process is doubled or contaminated predicate.
"It grew soft and white"
"She lay awake for a long time, not thinking so much as working a treadmill [мельница] of words".
Development — is modification of one element of the sentence by another subordinated to the first. As the result of the process there appear syntactic groups: nominal, verbal, adjectival and others. They are of endocentric character with structures ofthe type:
Joining is close by its grammar and semantic nature to Development. Its essence is in modification of syntactic units by particles:
"Just one think";
"Even at my first reading".
Impossibility of modification of particlesdetermined their character of reclosing [замыкающий] elements.
Inclusion is introduction into the structure of a sentence of the elements like modal verbs and their functional equivalents: "Really, it was too disagreeable". 'She had evidently returned'.
Isolation is a syntactic process of allocation with the purpose to emphasize semantically) a member of a sentence that is orally done by prosodic means.: "What a boy he was in some way — so impulsive — so-simple"
The process of isolation usually is spread to the elements of dependant nature structurally meaningless.
Substitution means the use of words with generalized structural meaning instead of words and structures with concrete meaning was mentioned earlier. Such function is carried out by words substitutors:
one, do, so, not, it '
ex.: "Set in, necklaces, ear-rings and brouches they lay, black ones and white ones"
"You may be offended, but I sincerely hope not"
Representation — is the use of a part of certain syntactic unit (it is always a structurally formed part) as a representative of the whole.
Ex. "I hope you are not going to object" — "Why should I".
Ellipsis (Omission) — transmission of structurally obligatory element of the structure into implicatory state that expresses explicatory element as the part uf a structure and of contents.
Omission or ellipsis is based on the phenomenon of obligatory distributional 'relations of one and more elements which make it possible the omission of one of them.
Ex. "You look tired" — "I am, a little"
Restoration may be carried out not only on the basis of pretext by also by means of mental coordination with a typical structure.
Ex. "Marring out tonight. Is she".
COMPOSITE SENTENCE
Simple Sentence is not the only representative of the syntactic unit called a sentence. In its structure Simple Sentence is opposed by a Composite Sentence. The main difference between them is in the fact that the first one is monopredicative (that means that predicative relations characterizing relations between Subject and Predicate are represented only once) while the second one is polypredicative. It is important to point out that in Composite Sentence there are several predicative centres consisting ofa subject and a predicate.
The hearts of a composite sentence form the Composite Sentence on the basis of syntactic links. Explicatory these links are expressed either by subordinating prepositions and such sentences are called Compound Sentences. In Composite Sentence where predicative structures may be expressed by separate independent sentences a syntactic structure between simple sentences is expressed by coordinating prepositions: and, but, yet, rather, as (some of which are characterized by limited distribution).-Such a sentences are called Complex Sentences. Thus - Composite Sentence is structural and semantic unity of two and more syntactic structures each of which has its own predicative centre, formed on the basis of syntactic link and used in speech communication as the same level unit with Simple Sentence.
Structural and semantic sentence integrity of Composite Sentence presupposes a certain organization of components and some specialized ways of this organization.
The following criteria are considered to be determining for grammar organization of predicative structures into Composite Sentence:
a) type of syntactic link (coordination or subordination)
b) rank of predicative structures
c) the sign of structural-semantic necessity.of predicative structure (facultative or obligatory)
d) presence/absence of linking means and their type
e) dispositional order of predicative structures.
The first two features are the most important ones. With consideration of syntactic link and the rank of predicative structure Composite Sentences are divided into complex and compound.
In Compound Sentence predicative structures of the highest rank are connected by coordinative link ('A little boy was shepherding a pig and by the house door stood a woman who came towards them').
In Complex Sentence predicative structures of the highest rank are connected by subordinated link. ("He was the only boy on the island whose hair never seemed to grow").
Concept by L.L.Iophik. It is characterized by the approach to a composite sentence as a syntactic unity, to describe it as not a sum of elementary sentences but as integrity.
Having determined the four types of links of predicative units: coordination, relative addition, subordination and addition, the author determined the system of predicative unit types including independant, half dependant, dependant and introductory, accordingly the predicative units, introducing as the main the dichotomy of monopredicative and polypredicative sentences instead of traditional. Trichotomy [traihotomi] (elementary complex and compound sentence).
As far as a composite sentence is concerned it is difficult to speak about any structural scheme because a number of joined on the basis of coordinative link predicative units and some types of subordinate clauses may be unlimited.