a race for sth / to do sth: Polls give him the edge over his Democratic rival in the race for the presidency.
to enter / join a race включиться в борьбу / гонку: Another candidate has now entered the presidential race / the race for the White House.
to be in / be involved in a race участвовать в борьбе / гонке: He is no longer in the race for the presidency. | The only serious contender left in the presidential race is Guei himself.
to lead a race | to be ahead in a race лидировать в гонке, возглавлять гонку: Two right-wing candidates lead the presidential race.
to lag behind / be left behind in a race отставать в гонке: He is lagging behind in the race for the presidency.
to win / lose a race побеждать / проигрывать в борьбе / гонке: Who will win the race for the White House? | He lost the presidential race / the race for district attorney.
to drop out of / get out of / pull out of / quit / withdraw from a race прекратить борьбу / гонку, выйти из борьбы: He dropped out of / quit the presidential race on Friday. | Lamar Alexander dropped out of the presidential race Wednesday. | Gramm is the third candidate to quit the presidential race.
a presidential / congressional / gubernatorial / Senate race: To climb back into the presidential race, he must get abortion off the agenda. | The cost of the presidential and congressional races may top $ 1. 6 billion.
10. to be in the running (for sth) to have some hope of winning a race or competition иметь шансы на успех / выигрыш
to be out of the running (for sth) to have some no hope of winning a race or competition не иметь шансов на успех / выигрыш; выйти из игры
11. smear / dirty tricks / dirty / negative / whispering / hate campaign (by sb / against sb) [ countable ] a deliberate plan to tell untrue stories about someone, especially a politician, in order to make people lose respect for them грязная (избирательная) кампания: He puts all the accusations down to a vicious smear / dirty tricks campaign by his political opponents / against the party leadership. | Bush will make this the dirtiest presidential campaign ever fought. | It was the Cloggy episode which started the whispering campaign. | The hate campaign began again, including obscene phone calls.
12. spin [ singular; uncountable ] (informal) a way of providing information that makes it seem to be favourable for a particular person or political party; a particular viewpoint or bias, especially in the media выгодный угол зрения, выгодное освещение какого-л. события: We would like to see more realistic policies and less Labour Party spin.
to put a spin on sth: They tried to put a favourable / positive spin on the news coverage of the controversial speech. | This report puts a different spin on the issue / economic figures / sales figures.
to give sth a spin | to give a spin to sth: The New York Times gave a wholly improper political spin to the report.
13. spin doctor [ countable ] (informal) someone whose job is to give information to the public in a way that gives the best possible advantage to a politician or organization; someone whose job is to make ideas, events, etc seem better than they really are, especially in politics политтехнолог, эксперт по связям с общественностью: The election was won despite the spin doctors. | The party spin doctors would like us to believe that the government is committed to improving the environment.
14. to promise [ intransitive; transitive ] to tell someone that you will definitely do or provide something or that something will happen обещать, давать обещание
to promise to do sth: The government promised to increase public expenditure, to cut taxes and to balance the budget.
to promise sb sth | to promise sth (to sb): The great powers promised them an independent state. | The Conservative Party promised higher standards in education. | Relief organizations are promising aid to the country.
to promise (sb) that…: The government promised that they would reduce taxes / that the rich would no longer get preferential treatment.
15. to pledge [ transitive ] to make an official and public promise that you will do something давать торжественное обещание; заверять, обещать, клясться; связывать себя обещанием / клятвой
to pledge to do sth: The government pledged to reduce crime / end the fighting.
to pledge sth (to sb / for sth): The USA has pledged aid to the country. | Britain has pledged £1.3 million to the UN for refugee work.
to pledge (one's) support / loyalty / solidarity / cooperation / allegiance (to sb / for sth): We are asking people to pledge their support for our campaign. | Should new citizens of Canada pledge allegiance to the queen of Great Britain?
to pledge that…: The president has pledged that inflation will continue to fall and the economy will continue to grow.
16. to commit oneself (to sth / doing sth) | to commit to sth / doing sth | to pledge oneself to do sth / to sth to agree or promise to do something important брать / принимать на себя обязательство, связывать себя обязательством: You don't have to commit yourself at this stage. | The government must commit itself to improving health care. | Once we have committed to this course of action there is no going back. | They have pledged themselves to root out state corruption.
17. to commit sb to sth / doing sth | to pledge sb to sth / to do sth [ transitive ] to make someone agree or promise to do something обязать, налагать обязательства: The speech did not commit the rebels to a ceasefire. | He clearly committed his government to continuing down the path of economic reform. | The treaties renounce the use of force and pledge the two countries to co-operation.
18. (to be / remain) committed to sth / doing sth having promised to be involved in a course of action приверженный чему-л.: The government was committed to further reductions in defence spending. | We are committed to withdrawing our troops by the end of the year.
19. promise [ countable ] a statement that you will definitely do or provide something or that something will definitely happen обещание
solemn / sacred promise торжественное обещание, клятва
vague promise (about sth) неопределенное / расплывчатое / туманное обещание: The politicians made vague promises about independence.
empty / false / hollow promise пустое / фальшивое обещание, пустые слова: We don't want any more empty / false / hollow promises from the government.
rash promise опрометчивое / поспешное / безрассудное обещание: He made all sorts of rash promises about economic growth.
20. pledge [ countable ] (formal) a serious and firm promise that is made publicly and officially (публичное) обещание; клятва; обязательство: The government ignored its pledges to hold democratic elections / to make no deals with terrorists.
pledge on sth: They comprise pledges on national standards and a new set of promises specifically geared to the local area.
21. promise | pledge COLLOCATIONS
promise / pledge of sth (from sb): a promise of help / support (from sb) | Sunday's vote was a test of the new president's pledge of fair elections.
to give (sb) / make a promise (to sb) давать / делать обещание: As a leader in the Senate, you make progress by making promises others can count on.
to give (sb) / make / take a pledge давать / делать обещание: All the candidates have given / made pledges not to raise taxes if they are elected. | Dole refuses to take a pledge to keep the party pro-life.
to keep / fulfil / carry out / deliver (on) / live up to / honour / be true to a promise / pledge выполнить / сдержать обещание, сдержать слово: The rebels failed to keep a promise / pledge to release the two men. | Eisenhower fulfilled / carried out his election pledge to end the war in Korea. | He failed to deliver (on) his key election / campaign promises / pledges. | The country will be forced to live up to the promise / pledge of democracy. | The King was not called upon to honour his promise / pledge.
to break / go back on / renege on / backtrack on / backpedal on a promise / pledge не выполнить / не сдержать / нарушить обещание, не сдержать слово: The army broke its promise / pledge to return the country to civilian rule. | Any pause in progress towards the objective is a matter of going back on electoral promises / pledges. | The government reneged on its promise / pledge to ensure full employment. | The President is backtracking / backpedalling on some of his election promises.
election / electoral / campaign promise / pledge предвыборное обещание: They have made some studies of specific election / electoral pledges and their fulfilment by governments. | Scott made a campaign promise not to raise taxes.
broken promise / pledge нарушенное обещание: the party's broken election promises / pledges
22. commitment (to sth) [ countable ] a promise to do something обязательство; приверженность чему-л.; обязанность: The peace talks ended with smiles and handshakes, but no commitment. | His adviser expressed America's commitment to economic development.
to make / give a commitment (to sth) брать на себя обязательство, связать себя обязательством: They made a commitment to peace. | But the environment minister could not give any firm commitment to further government funds.
to have a commitment (to sth) иметь обязательство: The governor has a strong commitment to equal pay and opportunities / creating jobs in the state.
to honour / fulfil / meet a commitment (to sb / sth) выполнять обязательство: The Government will continue to honour its commitment to pensioners.
to reaffirm one's commitment (to sth) (повторно / вновь) подтвердить обязательство: He insisted that he had acted within the Constitution and reaffirmed his commitment to multiparty democracy.
Influencing voters
1. to influence [ transitive ] to affect the way someone or something develops, behaves, thinks etc without directly forcing or ordering them влиять, воздействовать, оказывать влияние
to influence sb (to do sth): Judges should not be influenced by political motives. | Their purpose is to influence government to adopt policies favourable to them.
to influence sth: to influence (the outcome of) elections / political actions / policy / strategy | to influence one's beliefs / opinions / views / attitudes / tastes / preferences / culture / behaviour / development / decisions / public opinion | How does the media influence elections? | There are many aspects of the environment that might influence political beliefs and actions.
to influence sb / sth deeply / greatly / heavily / profoundly / significantly / strongly: Both societies are deeply influenced by their history and by their perception of that history. | Education has been heavily influenced by colonialism.
to seek / try to influence sb / sth: The politicians sought to influence voters / their electorate (in their choice of candidate) in the general election. | Different groups form to try to influence decisions concerning these issues.
2. to shape [ transitive ] to influence something such as a belief, opinion, policy, someone's character etc and make it develop in a particular way формировать, придавать форму: to shape one's beliefs / opinions / views / attitudes / tastes / preferences / culture / behaviour / development / policy / strategy / public opinion | People's political beliefs are often shaped by what they read in the newspapers. | He was very influential in shaping the government's economic policy / strategy. | The public policy of the USA is shaped with a view to the benefit of the nation as a whole.
3. to instil | to implant | to inculcate (formal) [ transitive ] to put a feeling, idea or principle gradually into someone's mind, so that it has a strong influence on the way they think or behave; to strongly fix ideas, feelings or opinions in someone else's mind so that they influence their character or behaviour (исподволь) внушать; вселять; внедрять; прививать; насаждать
to instil / implant / inculcate confidence / enthusiasm / fear / discipline / ideas / beliefs / attitudes (in / into sb): They attempt to instil fear in / into people and discourage freedom of thought. | He had a deep sense of patriotism that had been implanted in / into him by his father. | She tries very hard to inculcate traditional values in / into her students.
to instil / inculcate sb with sth: It is easy to instil the minds of young children with fixed ideas, whether right or wrong. | Schools inculcate children with patriotic ideas from an early age.
4. to indoctrinate | to brainwash [ transitive ] to force someone to accept a set of political or religious beliefs by repeating the same idea many times so that the person cannot think in an independent way внушать; внедрять; насаждать; промывать мозги, подвергать (идеологической) обработке
to indoctrinate / brainwash sb (to do sth / into doing sth): People were indoctrinated not to question their leaders. | Citizens were indoctrinated into believing that their leader was the source of all wisdom and goodness. | The government is trying to brainwash them into thinking that war is necessary. | We were brainwashed to believe we were all equal.
to indoctrinate sb (with sth / in sth): It is too easy for any State or Church to indoctrinate young children with the views that it considers correct. | Some parents were critical of attempts to indoctrinate children in green ideology.
5. to sway [ transitive ] to influence someone so that they change their opinion повлиять, склонять (кого-л. к чему-л.); иметь влияние
to sway sb: He made a speech that swayed the voters.
to sway one's opinion / public opinion: Others said they have already decided who will get their vote, and the vice presidential selection will not sway their opinion. | These arguments swayed public opinion.
to sway sb into doing sth: Her speech failed to sway the voters into supporting her plan.
6. to swing (1) [ intransitive ] if people or their opinions, ideas, attitudes, feelings or emotions swing, they change quickly to the opposite of what they were (резко) меняться / колебаться
to swing (away from sb / in sb's favour / the other way): At the next general election the voters can swing again. | The mood amongst Tory MPs seems to be swinging away from their leader. | Public opinion began to swing in their favour / the other way.
to swing from sth to sth / between sth and sth: His opinions would often swing from one extreme to the other. | Forecasts about the course of democracy tend to swing from optimism to despair.
(2) [ transitive ] to influence or win over; to manage or arrange successfully; to bring around to the desired result (резко) изменить / повлиять; победить, добиться победы
to swing sth away from sb: This latest scandal could swing popular support away from them.
to swing the vote / votes (in sb's favour) (резко) изменить / повлиять на политические предпочтения / симпатии избирателей: Recent events swung the vote in our favour. | Do campaign gifts swing votes? | She should be able to swing a significant number of women's votes.
to swing an election (in sb's favour) успешно провести выборы, добиться успеха / победить на выборах: Her last speech swung the election in her favour.
7. to disabuse [ transitive ] (formal) to make someone realize that they were wrong to believe something разубедить; выводить из заблуждения; освобождать от иллюзий: to disabuse sb of an idea / notion / belief / impression / illusion | The government did nothing to disabuse the public of this impression.
8. influence [ uncountable; countable ] the effect that a person or thing has on someone's decisions, opinions, or behaviour or on the way something happens влияние, воздействие
influence on / over sb / sth: We turn now to influences on attitudes and votes. | The presidency gave him unusual influence over the profession.
to have / exercise / exert / wield influence (on / over sb / sth) влиять, оказывать / иметь влияние: He has a huge amount of influence on / over the city council. | He denies exercising / exerting any political influence over them. | The president's wife wields enormous influence within the party.
to use one's influence (with sb // to do sth // for sth) использовать свое влияние: They used their influence with opposition leaders, cautioning them against agitating for further violence. | He tried to use his influence to put pressure on the voters. | The government should continue to use its influence for the release of all hostages.
to increase / consolidate / strengthen one's influence укреплять / усиливать свое влияние: Britain tries to increase its influence by placing its representatives in key posts, but all member states do that.
to diminish one's influence ослаблять / уменьшать чье-л. влияние: But this did not diminish their influence and importance. | His political influence was significantly diminished.
to neutralize / counteract / curb sb's influence нейтрализовать чье-л. влияние: Recent events have done much to neutralize the influence of the right-wing.
to gain / buy (sb) influence получить / завоевать влияние: His wealth can buy him political influence.
to be // come / fall under sb's influence / under the influence of sb / sth находиться под чьим-л. влиянием; подпадать под чье-л. влияние: They came under the influence of a strange religious sect. | There they fell under the influence of activist revivalists and reformers.
positive influence положительное / позитивное влияние
bad / disruptive / negative / pernicious influence вредное / негативное / пагубное влияние
steadying / restraining influence сдерживающее влияние: The Egyptian president could act as a steadying influence on the talks.
big / considerable / enormous / great / powerful /profound / strong / tremendous influence сильное влияние: The Council had considerable influence over many government decisions.
far-reaching influence далеко идущее влияние
undue influence чрезмерное влияние: They were accused of interfering with voters and exerting undue influence.
9. propaganda [ uncountable ] information which is false or which emphasizes just one part of a situation, used by a government or political party in order to influence people's opinions and beliefs пропаганда: political / ideological / enemy / wartime propaganda | democratic / liberal / communist / anti-communist / right-wing / left-wing / fascist / racist propaganda| a piece of anti-government propaganda | The film was later used for propaganda purposes. | Propaganda is a tool of war. | At school we were fed communist / right-wing propaganda.
to use / engage in / spread propaganda вести пропаганду, заниматься пропагандой: At the same time they are using propaganda and terror to boost their position in the countryside.
to subject sb to propaganda подвергать кого-л. действию пропаганды
to neutralize / counteract propaganda противодействовать пропаганде, нейтрализовать пропаганду
vicious propaganda грязная пропаганда
(to begin / mount // step up // win // lose) a propaganda campaign / war an organised plan to spread propaganda пропагандистская кампания / война: Khomeini began a propaganda campaign against the Shah. | They mounted a propaganda campaign against Western governments. | They stepped up the propaganda campaign to end military government. | We pride ourselves on having won the propaganda war. | Mr Barak has lost the propaganda war.
propaganda machine people who produce propaganda пропагандистский аппарат: The propaganda machine lied about the scale of casualties in our Civil War. | But in recent weeks it has cranked an impressive propaganda machine into action.
10. indoctrination | brainwashing | brainwash [ uncountable ] внушение идей; промывание мозгов; (идеологическая / политическая / религиозная) обработка: political / ideological / religious indoctrination / brainwashing | Education is indoctrination, or, as described today, the brainwash. | There was a lot of brainwashing involved.
to subject sb to indoctrination / brainwashing подвергать кого-л. идеологической обработке: The military in particular were subjected to intense political indoctrination.
11. swing [ countable ] (1) a noticeable change in opinions, ideas or emotions (резкое) изменение (политических предпочтений / симпатий избирателей): Educational practice is liable to sudden swings and changes. | In the 1979 election some locally popular candidates held their marginal seats against the national swing.
swing to / towards sb / sth: In the last elections there was a swing to the right. | The swing towards the Tories suggests an unwillingness to see Kinnock as prime minister.
swing (away) from sb / sth (to sb / sth) / against sb / sth: There was a massive twenty per cent swing away from the Conservatives to the Liberal Democrats. | If there is a swing against the Tories, the prospects for Mr Devlin look bleak.
to show a swing to / towards sth: The party's new policies show a swing towards the centre.
swing in sth: There has been a huge swing in public opinion on the issue.
(2) a change in the relative distribution of popular support for political parties процент избирателей, меняющих свои политические предпочтения / симпатии: The Democrats only need a 5% swing to win this election.
swing to sb: The swing to the Liberal Democrats at Newbury was 29%. | There has been a significant 15 per cent swing to Labour.
swing (away) from sb (to sb) / against sb: In 1987, there was a small 2.5 percent national swing from Conservative to Labour. | In Brent, the swing against Labour was 7.3%.
12. the pendulum (of opinion) | the political pendulum the tendency of ideas, beliefs, opinions etc to change regularly to the opposite маятник (общественного мнения)
the swing of the pendulum the movement of public opinion from one extreme to the other (резкое) изменение общественного мнения / политических симпатий избирателей
the (political) pendulum swings back / in the other direction / the other way / in sb's favour / from sth to sth / back and forth: The pendulum of public opinion has swung back / in the other direction. | Now the pendulum seems to have swung the other way. | The political pendulum has swung in favour of the liberals. | The pendulum has swung from silly dreaming to grinding pragmatism. | The pendulum of public pressure swings back and forth.
13. undecided / wavering / floating (BrE) / swing (AmE) voter | undecideds | waverer [ countable ] someone who cannot make a decision about which political party to vote for at an election; someone who does not always vote for the same political party at elections колеблющийся избиратель: He will argue that there are still a lot of undecided / floating / wavering / swing voters to make up their minds. | We'll be working hard over the next ten days to win over the undecided voters. | We must persuade the undecideds / waverers to vote with us. | Some observers believe polls overestimated the influence of undecided voters. | On past records, most waverers go for the challenger rather than the one who holds power.
Polling
1. to poll | to survey [ transitive ] to ask a large group of people the same questions in order to find out what most people think about something проводить опрос (общественного мнения) / анкетирование
to poll / to survey sb (about / on sth): More than 70 per cent of the voters who were polled said that they approved of his record as president. | Almost 60% of those surveyed said they supported the President's action. | Researchers surveyed 10,000 customers about / on the quality of companies that they used.
2. poll | (public) opinion poll | (public opinion) survey [ countable ] the process of asking a large group of people the same questions in order to find out what most people think about something; a record of the result of this опрос (общественного мнения); социологическое исследование: Another poll / survey asked respondents if they favoured nuclear war. | The latest opinion poll puts the Democrats in the lead.
poll / survey of sb опрос кого-л.: We conducted a poll / survey of parents in the village.
poll on sb / sth | survey on / into sth: We are doing a weekly poll on the president, and clearly his popularity has declined. | The committee carried out a survey on parking problems in residential areas. | Read the article below about a survey into volunteering.
in the polls: Labour is ahead in the polls. | He was still behind in the polls. | The Republicans are gaining / losing ground / support in the opinion polls. | They're worried about the government's present low standing in the polls.
to carry out / conduct / do / undertake a poll / survey (among sb) проводить опрос общественного мнения: MORI carried out / conducted / did / undertook a poll / survey among senior managers to get their views on taxation.
a poll / survey shows / indicates / finds / suggests / reveals that… | according to a poll / survey…: Recent opinion polls show that the President's popularity has declined / slipped. | Polls indicate that education is the top issue with voters. | A recent poll found that 80% of Californians support the governor. | Opinion polls suggest that only 10% of the population trusts the government. | According to the polls, a huge majority of citizens oppose bilingual education.
to lead (sb) (in) (the) (opinion) polls | to top polls лидировать в опросе общественного мнения: Labour led strongly in the opinion polls. | The party chairman now leads nationwide polls for president. | He leads Dole in Arizona polls. | Rudy Giuliani tops Republican polls.
to commission a poll / survey заказать опрос общественного мнения
3. exit poll [ countable ] the activity of asking people, as they leave a polling station, how they have voted in an election in order to discover the likely result опрос избирателей на выходе с избирательного участка, экзит-пол
4. pollster [ countable ] a person or organization that prepares opinion polls специалист по опросу общественного мнения; интервьюер; институт общественного мнения
5. (popularity / approval) rating [ countable ] a measurement of how good, important, popular etc someone or something is рейтинг (популярности): When Mr Estrada took office in 1998 his approval rating was 60 %.
high / record // low rating: The President's popularity rating is high / low according to recent opinion polls. | He leaves office with record approval ratings.
to have / enjoy a rating: At the end of the Gulf War he had the highest poll rating of any President. | At that time Clinton enjoyed the highest public approval ratings of his presidency.
a rating is at a new / record / all-time high / low | a rating is at a high / low point: The president's popularity ratings are at a record low. | New public opinion polls show the president's approval rating at its lowest point since he took office.
a rating rises / goes up (to sth) | a rating rises to / reaches / hits a new / record / all-time high | a rating rises to / reaches a high point: The President's approval rating rose to 78%. | Staying above the fray, he has gone about his duties and watched his approval ratings rise.
a rating falls / goes down (to sth) | a rating falls to / sinks to / reaches / hits a new / record / all-time low | a rating falls to / sinks to / reaches a low point: The Prime Minister's approval rating has fallen (as low as 12 percent) since he took office in 1998. | His approval ratings may even go down. | The government's popularity rating sank to an all-time low.
Vocabulary practice
I. Sections: Nomination, Election
1. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.
| List A | List B |
| 1. nomination for president 2. to win the Republican nomination 3. to put forward a candidate 4. to file one's candidacy 5. to withdraw one's candidacy 6. to run for the presidency 7. to run against sb 8. to elect sb president 9. to elect sb to parliament 10. general election 11. presidential election 12. close election 13. by-election 14. to hold an elective office 15. electoral register 16. elector 17. universal suffrage 18. term in office 19. to contest a seat 20. to win a seat 21. constituency 22. to rig an election 23. ballot rigging 24. regular election 25. early election 26. to declare the election invalid | a. завоевать место b. список избирателей c. досрочные выборы d. избирательный округ e. всеобщее избирательное право f. очередные выборы g. признать выборы недействительными h. подтасовка результатов голосования i. выдвижение на пост президента j. бороться за место k. фальсифицировать выборы l. выдвигать чью-л. кандидатуру на выборах m. участвовать в выборах на должность президента n. избирать кого-л. президентом o. всеобщие выборы p. избиратель q. напряженные выборы r. занимать выборную должность s. зарегистрироваться в качестве кандидата t. избирать кого-л. в парламент u. дополнительные выборы v. добиться выдвижения в качестве кандидата от Республиканской партии w. выборы президента x. соперничать с кем-л. на выборах y. снимать свою кандидатуру z. срок полномочий |
2. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.
| List A | List B |
| 1. run-off 2. by-election 3. to hold an election 4. to win an election 5. to fight an election 6. to disrupt an election 7. electoral commission 8. election returns 9. electorate 10. to make a bid for sth 11. on the Republican ticket 12. to grant suffrage 13. to inaugurate sb as president 14. to set a threshold 15. to cross a threshold 16. neck and neck 17. president-elect 18. to call an election | a. преодолевать барьер b. объявлять выборы d. избиратели e. предоставить право голоса f. от Республиканской партии g. в равном положении h. предпринимать попытку достичь чего-л. i. торжественно вводить в должность президента j. проводить выборы k. вновь избранный президент l. участвовать в выборах m. победить на выборах n. результаты выборов o. устанавливать порог p. решающий тур выборов q. сорвать выборы r. избирательная комиссия s. дополнительные выборы |
3. Give synonyms for the following words and phrases.
to nominate sb, to win (the Republican nomination), (electoral) register, candidate, successful (candidate), to run (for election), to elect (sb to parliament), to carry (a state), mid-term (election), to declare the election invalid, to schedule (an election), to fight (an election), (election) results, elector, bid, suffrage, to win (a seat), to rig (an election), ballot rigging, to cross (a threshold), close (election), neck and neck
4. Suggest words and expressions that correspond to the following definitions.
1. to elect someone to a political position, especially to represent you in parliament
2. an attempt to achieve or obtain something; an attempt to win an election
3. the job of being president
4. an occasion when people vote to choose someone for a political or official position
5. all the people in a country or area who have the right to vote
6. the practice of cheating in an election by producing a false record of the number of votes
7. to choose someone by voting so that they represent you or hold an official position
8. the act of officially suggesting someone for an election, job, position or honour
9. someone who has been elected as a new president, but who has not yet officially started the job
10. the fact that someone is a candidate in an election
11. when someone is elected again to the same position
12. a second election or competition that is organized when the first one does not have a winner
13. a special election to replace a politician who has left parliament or died
14. the results of an election
15. someone who has the right to vote in a political election
16. someone who is competing against you and who belongs to a different party or who have different aims or policies
17. an area of a country that elects a representative to a parliament, or the people who live and vote in a particular area
18. a list of the people supported by a particular political party in an election
19. the legal right to vote in national elections
20. to introduce a new person into an important job, such as that of president, by holding a special ceremony
21. to suggest someone or oneself as a suitable candidate to take part in an election
22. a position as an elected member of a parliament, committee, council, board, court etc
23. someone who has been suggested or being considered for an election, job, position or honour
24. a fixed period of time during which a politician or other official holds their job
25. to arrange or influence something such as an election in a dishonest way in order to produce a particular result
26. to take part in an election as a candidate
5. Match the words in List A with those in List B to form phrases.
| List A | List B |
| 1. to obtain 2. to put up 3. to withdraw 4. to run 5. to hold 6. to mount 7. to grant 8. to rig 9. to contest 10. to return 11. to carry 12. to seek 13. election 14. electoral 15. voter 16. term 17. to get over 18. hotly 19. to inaugurate 20. to elect sb | a. election b. in office c. reform d. contested e. for a term of office f. returns g. fraud h. a hurdle i. the nomination j. for a seat k. suffrage l. a president m. a bid for the presidency n. one's candidacy o. a state p. sb to parliament q. election results r. for election s. a seat t. an elective office |
6. Fill the gaps in the sentences with prepositions or adverbial particles if necessary.
1. She was nominated ….. our candidate.
2. Ferraro was the first woman to be nominated ….. the job of vice president.
3. He is a candidate ….. the office of Governor.
4. She is expected to announce officially her candidacy ….. president early next week.
5. The new party is putting ….. 15 candidates ….. 22 seats.
6. William has been put ….. ….. a candidate for the committee.
7. You have said that you will stand ….. the presidential election next year.
8. There will be three candidates running ….. her.
9. He returned to politics in January 1995 when he and his wife were elected ….. parliament.
10. Morris was re-elected ….. a third term.
11. Durrant was returned ….. Parliament ….. an increased majority.
12. He ran ….. governor ….. the Republican ticket.
13. He hopes to visit China during his second term ….. office.
14. Jackson announced his intention to run ….. President.
15. Three women with the same name are standing ….. this seat.
16. There will be a run-off ….. these two candidates on December 9th.
17. General Herrera was elected ….. a third term ….. office as President.
18. The Government's term of office runs ….. at the end of the year.
7. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.
to schedule, rigging, to hold, to withdraw, neck and neck, bid, to serve, elector, to inaugurate, candidacy, to fix, electoral, to run for, returns, to nominate, to contest, to carry, to win, to return, candidate, to put up, opponent, franchise, to mount, threshold, to announce, to run against, seat
1. In 1960, young Democrats took over the party by ….. John E Kennedy for the presidency.
2. She was nominated as our …...
3. Bob Dole none the less remains the front-runner in the race ….. the Republican presidential nomination.
4. Eight months later he announced his ….. for the U. S. Senate.
5. Do you really intend ….. for that seat?
6. Richard Roe will ….. mayor.
7. Mr Meaney made an unsuccessful ….. for the presidency two years ago.
8. Women are given the ….. on the same basis as men.
9. Reagan became the first incumbent ….. two terms in the presidency since Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1950s.
10. Republicans ….. 235 of the 435 seats in the House.
11. The poll was widely discredited after allegations of ballot …...
12. It is no easy job ….. John Glenn, Ohio's Democratic senator.
13. He plans ….. a seat on Cookstown district council in the May elections.
14. He ….. his nomination less than twelve hours later.
15. No Democrat ….. Arizona since 1948.
16. The elections ….. for mid-June.
17. Early ….. show that the Labour Party is in the lead.
18. The party now feels the time is right to ….. a bid for power.
19. The new President ….. in January.
20. Just six of those parties managed to cross the 5 percent ….. necessary for official status in the Duma.
21. Opinion polls show the two main parties are running …...
22. Some international observers claim the election …...
8. Translate these sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible.
1. Республиканцы выдвинули его кандидатом в президенты на предстоящих всеобщих выборах.
2. Два известных политика борются за выдвижение в качестве кандидата на пост президента от Демократической партии.
3. Он очень легко добился выдвижения в качестве кандидата на пост президента от Республиканской партии.
4. Ему пришлось снять свою кандидатуру на президентских выборах.
5. Каждая партия имеет право выставить одного кандидата на выборах.
6. Он планирует выставить свою кандидатуру на выборах губернатора / на выборах в парламент страны.
7. Ему придется соперничать на выборах с двумя достойными кандидатами.
8. Он был избран в местный парламент / на должность премьер-министра.
9. Правительство собирается объявить о проведении выборов через месяц.
10. Всеобщие выборы будут проведены в будущем году.
11. На выборах в национальный парламент он побеждал дважды и один раз потерпел поражение.
12. Несмотря на все усилия, предпринятые правительством, очередные выборы были сорваны.
13. Она никогда не занимала выборной должности.
14. В последнее время было отмечено усиление националистических настроений среди избирателей.
15. В этом году он снова собирается бороться за пост президента.
16. Он участвует в президентских выборах от Демократической партии.
17. Он принимает участие в выборах в парламент по спискам правоцентристской партии.
18. В то время большинство избирателей проголосовало за крайние левые партии.
19. Впервые президентские выборы были проведены на основе всеобщего и равного избирательного права при тайном голосовании.
20. Мы надеемся, что ныне действующий президент будет переизбран на новый четырехлетний срок.
21. Срок полномочий правительства истекает в следующем году.
22. Он подал в отставку с поста президента страны.
23. Наш кандидат завоевал место в комитете по правам человека.
24. Торжественная церемония вступления президента в должность пройдет в январе будущего года.
25. Оппозиция опасается, что результаты парламентских выборов будут сфальсифицированы.
26. Ходили слухи о подтасовке результатов голосования.
II. Section: Voting
1. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.
| List A | List B |
| 1. to vote a proposal through 2. to vote a motion down 3. to outvote sb 4. to go to the polls 5. to stay away from the polls 6. to turn out for an election 7. to cast a vote 8. the deciding vote 9. count of votes 10. to put sth to the vote 11. to have a vote on sth 12. abstention from voting 13. polling day 14. high turnout at an election 15. to win an election by a narrow margin 16. to win an election by a wide margin 17. absolute majority 18. relative majority 19. to be in the majority 20. to be in the minority 21. landslide victory 22. ballot paper 23. absentee ballot 24. ballot box 25. polling station 26. polling booth | a. избирательный пункт b. быть в большинстве c. высокая явка на выборы d. принимать участие в выборах e. абсолютное большинство f. день выборов g. избирательная урна h. убедительная победа на выборах i. открепительный талон j. быть в меньшинстве k. избирательный бюллетень l. простое большинство голосов m. провести предложение путем голосования n. выиграть выборы с большим преимуществом o. не ходить на выборы p. нанести кому-л. поражение путем голосования q. выиграть выборы с незначительным преимуществом r. неучастие в голосовании s. проводить голосование t. поставить на голосование u. подсчет голосов v. подавать голос на выборах w. кабина для голосования x. явиться на выборы y. отклонить предложение путем голосования z. решающий голос |
2. Give synonyms for the following words and phrases.
to vote sth down, to win (votes), (the deciding) vote, to have (a vote on sth), (to put sth to the) vote, polling (day), (voter) turnout, high (turnout), to put (turnout at 55 per cent), narrow (margin), wide (margin), to win (a majority), to have (a majority), small (majority), large (majority), absolute (majority), two-thirds (majority), relative (majority), landslide (victory), polling station, polling (booth)
3. Suggest words and expressions that correspond to the following definitions.
1. a box in which you put your ballot paper after you have voted
2. the day when people vote in an election
3. a government that does not have enough politicians in a parliament to control parliament and take decisions without the support of other parties
4. a small partly enclosed space in a polling station where you can vote secretly in an election
5. a choice or decision that you make by voting in an election or meeting
6. the difference in the number of votes, points etc that exists between the winners and the losers of a competition or election
7. the number of people who vote in an election
8. a result in an election when one candidate or political party wins more than half the total votes or seats
9. to vote in an election
10. the total number of votes recorded in an election
11. a system of voting, usually in secret, in order to choose a candidate in an election or express an opinion about an issue, or an occasion when you vote in this way
12. to elect or dismiss someone by voting
13. to choose not to vote for or against something in an election; to choose not to vote in an election or meeting
14. to defeat a person or an idea by winning more votes than them
15. the number of votes by which a candidate or party wins an election
16. to go somewhere in order to be present at an event or take part in an activity
17. a victory in an election in which one person or party gets a lot more votes than their opponents
18. the place where people go to vote in an election
19. to approve a plan, law etc by voting
20. the largest number of votes received by a candidate or party in an election that is less than the total number of votes which all the other candidates or parties have received
21. a piece of paper on which you record your vote
22. a piece of paper which voters who are unable to be present at an election can vote on and send in by post
23. to show by marking a paper, raising your hand etc which person you want to elect or whether you support a particular plan
24. a small group of people or things within a much larger group
25. to reject sb or a plan, law etc by voting
4. Match the words in List A with those in List B to form phrases.
| List A | List B |
| 1. to vote 2. to abstain 3. to cast 4. narrow 5. minority 6. polling 7. to vote on 8. to vote sb 9. to turn out 10. deciding 11. recount 12. to put a proposal 13. polling 14. turnout 15. to command 16. overall 17. to be 18. sweeping 19. to win 20. spoiled 21. absentee 22. ballot | a. vote b. a majority c. ballot d. box e. day f. victory g. in the minority h. ballot papers i. rate j. for an election k. majority l. a victory m. party n. Labour o. from voting p. of votes q. to the vote r. station s. a proposal t. into office u. a vote for sb v. margin |
5. Fill the gaps in the sentences with prepositions or adverbial particles if necessary.
1. Independent candidates won the majority of seats ….. the local council.
2. I cannot understand people who continue to vote ….. Conservative after they have lost their homes or their jobs, or both.
3. The proposals were voted ….. yesterday.
4. The leaders asked their workers to abstain ….. voting.
5. Party leaders are elected ….. ballot.
6. Recent polls say if the election were held today, Clinton would beat Dole ….. a significant margin.
7. He won last month's presidential election ….. a landslide.
8. The Socialists won ….. a narrow majority.
9. The vast majority of people voted ….. closer links with Europe.
10. With policies like that, he'll be voted ….. in the next election.
11. The committee voted ….. a proposal to cut the defence budget.
12. Turnout slid down despite an increase ….. voter registration.
13. She cast her vote ….. the Communist Party.
14. This seems to be an area of disagreement, so let's put it ….. the ballot.
15. About 70% of the population turned ….. ….. the election.
16. The Congress voted ….. a motion to change the union's structure.
17. Initial estimates put the turnout ….. more than 70 per cent in Gaza.
18. By comparison, the turnout ….. the 1992 primary election was 29 percent.
19. Women are ….. the minority in the top ranks of government.
20. The issue will be decided ….. the ballot box.
6. Choose the word or phrase (from the list) that best completes each of the sentences below. Change the grammatical form of the word or phrase if necessary.
poll, to estimate, abstention, deciding, to turn out, to cast, count, to take, turnout, majority, to win, rate, ballot box, Labour, to defeat, the polls, to outvote, to abstain, secret, to cost, ballot, landslide, to split
1. France ….. on that issue.
2. Voting will be by secret …...
3. The NLD ….. a landslide victory in the elections five months ago.
4. He ….. 23,579 votes.
5. The new environmental party ….. the liberal vote.
6. The proposal ….. by 767 votes to 121.
7. This policy ….. her thousands of votes.
8. We're trying to encourage young people to go to …...
9. They are determined to win power through the ….., not by violence.
10. I voted ….. at the last election.
11. Yet statistics show voter ….. sliding down.
12. About 70% of the population ….. for the election.
13. By the end of the day, less than 40% of the population ….. their votes.
14. But 26 million voters, or 69 % of the electorate, …...
15. In 1972 Richard Nixon became the first Republican to win a ….. of Catholic votes.
16. The Senate had already approved the treaty on Sept. 17 by 176 votes to 16 with one …...
17. Why do you think we should ….. a vote on that?
7. Translate these sentences. Give synonymous translations if possible.
1. Он всегда голосовал за консерваторов.
2. Я предлагаю провести голосование по этому вопросу.
3. Я предлагаю поставить вопрос на голосование.
4. Их предложение было отвергнуто в результате голосования.
5. Десять членов местного совета воздержались при голосовании.
6. На выборы явилось более половины всех избирателей.
7. Кандидат от Лейбористской партии получил 60% всех голосов.
8. Явка избирателей на выборы приблизительно составила 52%.
9. Консерваторы победили с незначительным / большим преимуществом / с преимуществом в 5000 голосов.
10. Наша партия имеет абсолютное большинство в парламенте.
11. В избирательной урне было обнаружено большое количество недействительных бюллетеней.
12. Если правящая партия будет проводить такую политику в области образования, то избиратели проголосуют против ее кандидатов на следующих выборах.
13. Их предложение было принято путем голосования.
14. Жителей города приглашают прийти на избирательные участки, чтобы выразить свое отношение к политике, проводимой местными органами власти.
15. Подобная политика стоила их партии большого количества голосов.
16. У председателя всегда есть право решающего голоса.
17. На последних президентских выборах был высокий процент воздержавшихся при голосовании.
18. У правящей партии большинство в парламенте.
19. Для преодоления вето президента требуется квалифицированное большинство членов парламента.
20. Для избрания кандидату необходимо набрать простое большинство голосов.
III. Section: Electioneering
1. Match the words and phrases in List A with those in List B. Learn these lexical units.
| List A | List B | ||
1. to launch a campaign
2. to conduct a campaign
3. smear campaign
4. to give a pledge
5. to keep a pledge
6. to break a pledge
7. to campaign for sb
8. election campaign
9. to contest an election
10. to contest a seat
11. electioneering
12. in the run-up to the election
13. presidential campaign
14. the campaign fizzles out
15. to be in the running
16. to be out of the running
17. spin
18. spin doctor
19. to commit oneself
20. commitment
21. to honour a commitment
22. to enter a race
23. to be in a race
24. to lead a race
25. to la
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