Language and the dialect (22.09)
Dialect (dia+lectos greek = lekos – speech, dia – above): is a variety of speech.
Диалект – разновидность общенационального языка, употребляемая сравнительно ограниченным числом людей (частью этнического коллектива), связанных общностью территориальной, социальной, профессиональной. Характеризуется функциональной ограниченностью.
Общенациональный язык – язык со всеми вариантами его форм (разговорный, литературный): региональный, социальный, архаичный, разговорный и т.д.
Dialect – variant forms of one language, which are mutually intelligible.
Main characteristics:
1. part of the general system of language;
2. language of a certain group of people (a community within the nation);
3. restricted functional use;
4. different from but comprehensible to other varieties without a special education.
Dialect/ accent = диалект
Standard English – RP (Received Pronunciation)
It is impossible to speak without an accent
Vernacular – местная речь – is a synonym to dialect, patois – rural/provincial dialect
Socialect – a social position of the person
professiolect
idiolect – speech of an individual speaker
3 criteria that help to qualify language and a dialect:
1. Comprehensibility
2. Political ethnicity
3. Writing and a set of written classics
Вопрос в тесте про критерий – incomprehensibility!!
Degrees of comprehensibility lead to English continuum
Discreteness and continuity
Varieties may be discrete
Varieties which are close are called continue
Standard English – that variety of English which is:
Used in print
Taught at school
The main for non-natives
Used in formal speech, broadcasts etc
Includes various levels of formality (very formal – official – conversational/colloquial)
Standard English was developed from European dialects
Language standardization (4 stages):
Selection (appeared with printing)
Codification (forming a set of rules and fixing them in writing)
Dissemination
Maintenance
ДОПИСАТЬ!!!
Indicate good social position
06.10.
Types:
Indicators – variants to which little or no social significance are attached and which may indeed only be perceived by observance of linguistic training.
Markers – perceived by the observers and do have social significance.
Stereotypes – popular and conscious but imprecise general characterizations of the speech forms of particular social groups. May be applied to whole languages.
William Labove – a father of sociolinguistics. These types were introduced in 1992. They are distinguished from the point of view
Father was exceedingly fatigued (very formal) subsequent to his extensive peregrination (ridiculously formal) – Dad was very tired after his lengthy journey – The old man was bloody knackered (very informal) after his long trip.
Officialese
The consumption of any nutriments whatsoever is categorically prohibited in this establishment.
Official
The consumption of nutriment is prohibited on the premises
Formal
You are requested not to consume food in this establishment
Neutral
Eating is not allowed here
Informal
Please, do not eat here
Colloquial
You can`t feed your face here
Slang
Lay off the nosh
Taboo
Lay off the fucking nosh
13.10.
Language and social class
Speaker A I done it yesterday \ He ain`t got it\ It was her what said it
Speaker B I did it yesterday \ He hasn`t got it \ It was her that said it
Social class dialects \ sociolects
Social class – the stratification referring to any hierarchical …
Class – совокупность of individuals with similar social and economic characteristic
Social classes:
Class A upper-middle class: professionals such as doctors, surgeons, solicitors or dentists; chartered people like architects; fully qualified people with the large degree of responsibility, such as senior editors, senior state servants, senior executives, managers; high-ranking grade of the Services.
Class B middle-middle class: responsible jobs (university lecturers, matrons in hospitals, heads of local government departments, middle management in business, qualified scientists, bank managers, upper-grade of the Services, police inspectors)
Class C1lower –middle class: all the other non-manual jobs: nurses, technicians, pharmacists, salesmen, people on clerical position, middle-rank of the Services, police sergeants)
Class C2 upper-working: skilled manual workers – craftsmen who have served apprenticeship: foremen, manual workers with social qualifications, such as long-distance lorry drivers, security officers and lower grades of Services, police constables.
Class D middle(lower)-working: semi skilled \ unskilled manual workers including laborers and mates of occupations in the C2, people serving apprenticeships: machine minders, farm laborers, bus\railway conductors, laboratory assistance, postmen, waitresses\waiters, door-to-door and wan salesmen.
Class E lower\ non-working: those of lowest level of subsistence: pensioners, casual workers and others with minimal levels of income.
20.10.