1 SLIDE
Good morning, colleagues.
In this presentation I am going to describe the motivational structure of a part of the lexical semantic field of Madness. It is based on the data of Russian dialects in circumpolar regions of Russia, that is the Republics of Karelia, Komi, Sakha Yakutia, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Krasnoyarsk regions, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous district, Kamchatkan, Chukotkan regions and some others.
2 SLIDE
Here are the questions I am going to discuss:
1) What effects does research of Russian dialects have on language contacts study?
2) What can be the models of semantic and etymological studies of Russian dialects as a part of complex research?
3) Which data sources can be used?
3 SLIDE
1. According to the data of medical reports, hostile influence of extreme factors causes heightened prevalence of mental disorders and diseases in circumpolar region. Analysis of lexical means of revealing these concepts clarifies speakers' ideas of madness, and therefore of mind, health, and human nature.
2. Complex analysis of the lexical semantic field "Madness" provides evidence for etymologizing Russian "obscure" lexemes, borrowings between Russian and contact languages.
3. Borrowings from Russian and transformations of Russian lexemes reflect mutual influence of contact languages. Besides, motivational structure of the field in Russian can be compared to the structures of the field in contact languages, probably providing information on the time and circumstances of language contacts.
4 SLIDE
My presentation suggests the description of the motivational structure of the lexical semantic field of Madness in the zone of the Russian dialects of circumpolar regions.
Words and word combinations are taken from the corpus of Russian dialectal dictionaries. We single out lexis, registered in circumpolar region. The field is considered as an open structure.
First it is genetically characterized. I define roots and their meanings.
Words were structured according to their motivational models, that are types of primary motivation. They show that madness is connected with qualities of a person as a whole, as well as with human mind, sense.
5 SLIDE
There are following motivational models in the circumpolar zone. You see them on the slide.
1. Spatial ideas and abnormal deviations.
2. "Quantative" ideas of madness.
3. "Qualitative" ideas of damaged mind, sense.
4. Madness as illness, weakness.
5. Hostile effects.
6. Strange behaviour.
7. Euphemistic expressions.
6 SLIDE
1. May be the largest group of expressions is connected with spatial ideas and deviations. Mind, sense can be presented as a correct space, place or way.
You can see a list of models with examples on the screen.
Semantics of movement is quite productive and represented by the models of
-- ‘to move, to budge quickly from the right place’. For example, Murmansk region dialect skrenut`sya has the same root as Pskov, the Onega river dialect u'ma 'kryanut'sya ‘to go mad’, Yaroslavl', Leningrad, Novgorod region dialects krya'nut', Tver', Novgorod, Bryansk regions, Vyatka, Olonets dialects (s)kre'nut' ‘to move, to push from the certain place’. It is probably connected with Olonets krenit' ‘to tilt a boat on one side’, Olonets kren' "back of the ship" and Arxangelsk dialect kren' "keel piece for transporting a boat along the ice" from the Dutch krengen with the same meaning.
The same model is revealed in expressions with clear inner structure, as shown in the slide. This is Arxangelsk region dialect poshatnut`sya, ryaxnut`sya and others.
Olonets dialect smanut`, Karelian dialect skachnut'sya), Sakhalin dialect s u'ma posoy'ti, Karelian dialect 'spyatilo, Vyatka dialect po'pyatit' s u'ma ‘to go mad’, Karelian s u'ma 'sbit'sya, Arxangelsk dialect sma'nut'sya s u'ma ‘to go mad’ (Olonets, Kаrelian dialect sma'nut'' ‘to duck down, dive’), Vyatka 'spyatit' s panta'lyku, Karelian 'tronut'sya um'ka ‘to go mad’.
Karelian dilectal tronut'sya, s umom tronut'sya, umka tronut'sya ‘to go mad’ is also referred to the model ‘to move from the right place’ → ‘to go mad’, compare to Vologda region dialect 'nervy 'trogayutsya, Olonets, Vologda, Arxangelsk, Karelian, Vologda region dialects trogat'sya ‘to move from the place’.
May be the most interesting group of lexems here has the root REX- / ROX- / RYAX- / RYX- / RUX- / RUSH-. These are Arxangelsk dialect ryaxnut'sya ‘to go out of mind’, rexnut' ‘to madden’, that is related to Tverskoy dialect sroxnutsya, Bulgarian рехам се ‘I'm wandering’ and others. Zanna Varbot confirms this comparison is confirmed with the evidence of Russian dialect ryaxnut' sya ‘to move, leave one's place’ (Лёд ря́хнулся.) [Dal' IV: 126] and refers them along with Russian rushit ' ‘to madden’, roxlyj, ruxlyj, ryxlyj ‘mad’ to Protoslavic * rъх - ‘to move, to destroy’, as well as Kursk dial. ryxnut'sya ‘to go mad’ having a root with vocalisation in a step of the extent of reduction, and Vyatka dialect porushit'sya. Vocalization * rъх - with er is basic, and vocalization *rьх- with er' is derived from it.
-- The model ‘to go out’ is illustrated by the examples of Arxangelsk region and Karelian dialect vy'vesti iz uma (na bezumiye) and others. Olonets dialect 'vyvesti s 'razuma "to drive smbd crazy", Vyatka dialects 'vyjigrat'sya iz u'ma ‘to go mad’.
-- There are some examples of contamination of this model with other models, for example, with ‘to spend up’ (Arxangelsk region dialect, Murmansk region dialect vy'zhy't`sya iz uma).
-- The model ‘to fall down’ is a variant of the model ‘to move from the right place’ → ‘to go mad’. It is represented by Pinezh s uma svalit`sya, Arxangelsk region dialect pokatit `sya s uma, skidy'vat` s uma, Karelian vy'vesti uma na bezumiye, vy'vesti s razuma.
-- Conceptualising sense, mind as the right place or way we see in the model ‘to lose one's way, to get lost’ (Olonets region dialect sbit`sya s gruntu).
-- An image of entangled movement makes the base to model ‘to get confused, mixed up, become entangled’ represented by Kemerovo region dialect smeshat`sya golovoj, Karelian dialect meshat'sya s razuma etc. umom, pomeshalsya razum, Vyatka dialect of Arxangelsk region poputat`sya v ume.
-- ‘To make a mistake’ is represented by Terskoy dialect obmishulit`sya.
Some models represent ideas of turning round, rolling as hostile action, magic, or movement caused by devils.
For example, active model ‘to turn (round), to turn over’ is represented by derivates of the etymological nests *(s)kręg- ‘to turn round, to roll’ (Karelian dialect kruzhenoj "mad", Siberian, Koly'ma, Krasnoyarsk regions dialects okruzhat` "to go mad", Arxangelsk region dialect okruzhilo " somebody has lost his mind, memory ", Kamchatka skruzhit'sya "to lose one's mind", Siberian, Kolyma region okruzhat ' "to lose one's mind, consciousness, sense") and * vьrtěti ‘to twist’ (Karelian perevernut'sya ‘to go mad’).
7 SLIDE
2. The second large group is connected with «quantitative» ideas of madness. You see them on the screen. As you see, both lack and abundance of mind provoke madness.
-- The model ‘without mind, sense’ is represented by Karelian dialect bezumok, Siberian dialect bezumlyonny'j, Krasnoyarsk region dialect ne pri ume "about a mad man".
-- Language reflects ideas that abundance of the cleverness leads to madness: it's a model ‘too much sense’, represented by Uralian dialect umovat`sya "to go mad".
-- The semantic shift ‘to spend up (one's mind, sense)’ is represented by Karelian dialect otzy't`sya, Uralian dialect izumit`sya, Olonets dialect obumet`, obumit'(sya) "to go out of mind", um otxodit.
-- Similar to the last one is ‘to lose’ represented by Novosibirsk dialect razum poteryalsya "about madness, sthenic illness".
-- Madness is connected with ‘lack of sense, incompleteness’ (Uralian dialect nedovol`ny'j (golovoj, umom) "mad", when Yakutian dovol'ny means "enough, abundant", Arxangelsk, Vologda region dialect ne vo vsem ume, ne vo vsem rassudke, Karelian dialect uma celogo net, Arxangelsk region dialect ne v polnom razume, Irkutsk region dialect do rub'lya sem' 'griven ne xva'tayet ‘about a mad or very stupid man’, Arxangelsk region dialect ne ves ' v u'me ‘about a strange, stupid man’, Vologda region dialect ne vo vsem u'me, Karelian dialect u'ma 'tselogo net, Petrozavodsk, Olonets ne s 'polnogo ras'sudka, ne s pol'na u'ma ‘a stupid, mad man’).
-- Other back sides of completeness, integrity are "incompleteness, lack of something, damage" (Krasnoyarsk region dialect umom nadorvat`sya "to go mad suddenly"). These meanings are joined by the concept of emptiness as absense of objects or l ack of its significant quality.
-- A model ‘empty’, ‘mad, violent’ is represented by Arхangelsk region dialect dikoman.
Lexical semantic fields of "Madness" and "The Evil Spirit" cross within semantic zones of ‘empty’, ‘crazy, furious’ etc. Lexemes that mean madness, or their derivates, euphemistically depict demons of any kind: * dikъ, * lędъ, * liхъ, * pust -, * šutъ etс. (Arxangelsk region dialect dikoman ‘a fool’, ‘crazy, rakish man’ (Protoslavic. * dikmę)).
8 SLIDE
3. The third group of models is based on «qualitative» ideas of damaged mind, sense:
An example of the shift ‘abnormal, not their own’ is Karelian dialect ne v ladax (by't`).
-- Semantic shift ‘old’ → ‘mad, having lost his mind’ is represented by Arxangelsk dialect 'drevniy, ''drevnyj ‘loosing one's ability of thinking straight, mad’, Arxangelsk dialect dre'vit' ‘to rave, to go mad’, Smolensk region zadre'vit' ‘to start ’, Arxangelsk dialect dikar'' ‘a stupid old man, a stupid man’.
-- A shift ‘fool, unreasonable’ is represented by whole nest of words with the root dur- ‘stupid’. These are Sverdlovsk, Irutsk, Yakutian region dialect dur "madness", Severodvinsk dialect durit` ‘to drive smbd crazy’, Severodvinsk, Tobolsk, Xabarovsk, Vologda region dialect durnoj ‘mad’, Uralian dialect sduret`sya, Severodvinsk dialect sdurivat`, Simbirsk, Vyatka dialect sdurit`sya ‘to go mad’.
-- According to the quite convincing etymology, Protoslavic * durъ(jь) is derived from Protoslavic * dьrati "to tear" on the base of neutralization of weak vowels ер and ерь, and it is one the forms of a false apophonic row. An adverb means "empty" and metaphorically "stupid". The last meaning is based on the model ‘holey, with emptiness inside’ → ‘stupid, mad’. Loss of the adverb * durъ(jь) and breakaway of the nest with the root * dur- (Lithuanian dùrti ‘to prickle, sting’) from basic * der- result in darkening of etymological relations [Merkulova 1970: 151–152].
There are some other meanings that generate semantics "to go mad". There are:
-- ‘to become obscured, to dark’ (Vologda region dialect temen`ye, Vyatka dialect pomrachen`ye, moroki udaryayut na golovu (v golovu), Terskoy shore dialect pomutilos` v zaty'lke,Siberian dialect morok).
To this model refer the nests of the roots * tьma (Arxangelsk 'тёмный рас'судок, Vologda те́менье ‘a temporary madness’, Arxangelsk тёмный челове́к ‘a mad man’) and * mьrk / * mork - (Vyatka помраче́нье ‘madness’ with the first meaning ‘eclipse of the Moon or of the Sun’, мо'роки уда'ряют 'на голову (в 'голову), терск. пому'тилось в за'тылке у кого-л. ‘помрачилось сознание у кого-л.’ [СРНГ 29: 233]. It is connected wit the idea of entangling, also in somebody's thoughts, making mistakes (Siberian мо́ро́к ‘something that darkens one's mind’).
9 SLIDE
Then.
-- ‘to twinkle’ (Siberian dialect mayak "a man who keeps silence and doesn't understand anything" from mayaсhit'(sya) "to twinkle").
One more meaning.
-- In a contemporary Russian semantics of Russian derivates of nests * glumъ and * glupъ is associated with ‘a wicked mockery, joke’ (Arхangelsk region dialect oglupet`, zaglupyat`) and stupidness as the cause of madness. But etymologically they are suffixely derived from * gluхъ meaning lack of sighnificant quality, unable to feel, percept, close to perception.
-- According to the model ‘not to feel’ Pskov, Arхangelsk region dialects ochunet` "to go mad" develops its meaning from čuti "to feel".
The model ‘to go blind’ → ‘to go mad’ is representing by Uralian осовѣть ‘to go mad’, ‘to go blind’ derived from sova "an owl".
-- Lack of movement is also associated with madness: the model ‘immovable, petrified’ (Vyatka, Krasnoyarsk region dialects ostamet`, Vologda region dialect okochurit`, Arхangelsk region dialect oguret` "to become stunned of cold weather, an illness, tiredness, fright, astonishment, or death" and, then, "to go mad").
Семантический переход ‘неподвижный, окаменелый’ → ‘сумасшедший’ представлен вят. остаме́ть ‘потерять способность соображать’ при волог., киров., олон. ‘утратить чувствительность, гибкость, онеметь (от усталости, болезни), окоченеть (от холода, после смерти)’, волог., олон., киров., вят. ‘стать неподвижным от испуга, изумления, остолбенеть, оцепенеть’, краснояр. остоме́ть ‘потерять чувствительность’ из праслав. * stamъ ‘нечто стоящее’ от * stati) [СРНГ 24: 56; Фасмер III: 744–745; ЭССЯ XXX: 28–29]. Вероятно, к ней относится и волог. окочу́рить безл. ‘о потере рассудка’ при тул., костр. окочу́риться ‘лишиться чувств, свалиться (от угара, болезни)’, диал. ‘затвердевать’, коче́ра ‘суковатый ствол’ [Фасмер II: 358–359; ЭССЯ XXVII: 127] и огуре́ть арх. ‘ошалеть, одуреть; остолбенеть’ при другом значении в тех же говорах ‘успокоиться, перестать биться (о рыбе)’ [СРНГ 22: 364].
-- Then, the model ‘lack of significant quality’ is represented by Vologda region dialect nedostup` "a mad man". This word in Yaroslavl' dialects is used for calling a horse with short, slow step.
10 SLIDE
4. Then, madness is conceptualized as an illness, weakness:
-- Arxangelsk region dialect nerv, Uralian dialect psixa, Simbirsk dialect ochumit`sya, Olonets dialect oshavet` mean ill).
Exaggerated and more precise definition of the illness bases Simbirsk dialect очуми́ться ‘to go mad’, Olonetsk dialect оша́веть ‘to go mad, to lose one's memory’, with Olonetsk dialect поша́ва ‘epidemic’ from ша́вать ‘to creep’.
-- ‘bad, weak’ (Vyatka, Vologda region dialects blazhet`, Vologda region dialect ispoloshit` with the roots *blag- and *plox- (bad), Olonetsk dialect запа́риться ‘to say or do smth pointless, to go mad’.
В ряде случаев негативная оценка характеризует и ум, и самого человека. По версии Ф. Миклошича, Э. Бернекера, Ю. Покорного, Э. Френкеля, поддерживаемой недавним исследованием Л.П. Дроновой, к модели ‘слабый, плохой’ → ‘сумасшедший’ относится группа слов с корнем благ- / блаж- и значением ‘помешательство’: это блаже́ть вят., волог. ‘сходить с ума, становиться блажным’ [СРНГ 2: 311], блаже́ть бран. сиб., вят., арх., олон., том., краснояр., якут, волог.‘вести себя ненормально, сходить с ума’ [ССиб. 1: 70], ‘кликушествовать’, арх. ‘бредить’ [СРНГ 2: 311], сблажа́ть том., кемер., сблаже́ть волог., том., сев.-двин. ‘сойти с ума, потерять душевное равновесие’ [СРНГ 36: 176–177], блажно́й урал. ‘странный, помешанный’ [СРГСУ I: 45], сиб. пренебр. ‘психически неустойчивый’ [ССиб. 1: 70], волог., арх., олон., вят. ‘отличающийся умственной неполноценностью, ведущий себя не совсем нормально, придурковатый’ [СРНГ 2: 311], блажни́ться, нашла́, взошла́ блажь на кого-то, уральск. заблажи́ться ‘начать дурить, сумасбродничать (о человеке)’ [СРНГ 9: 258], у́блажный арх. ‘помешанный, сумасшедший’ [СРНГ 46: 127], благу́н, благу́нья вят. [СРНГ 2: 309–310]. Эти слова признаются относящимися к гнезду * blag - ‘плохой, слабый’ (и.-е. * bh(e)lāg- ‘слабый, плохой, негодный’, к которому восходят лат. flaccus ‘вялый, слабый’, греч. βλάξ ‘вялый, расслабленный’, ст.-лит. blagnas ‘негодный, злой, плохой’, лит. blõgas ‘плохой, слабый’, лтш. blāgs ‘слабый, плохой, злой’) vs. праслав. * bolg - ‘добрый, хороший’ (и.-е. bhel(e)g-) [Дронова 2006: 59].
В пользу этого свидетельствует также тот факт, что в древнерусском языке слово благо́й ‘плохой’ существовало раньше слов блаже́нный и благо́й со значениями ‘взбалмошный, капризный, злой’ [Порохова 1968: 186–187]. Образования с корнями благ -, блаж - в отрицательнооценочных значениях есть только в восточнославянских языках. След мордовско-балтийских контактов (заимствование лит. blõgas ‘плохой’, blogỳbė ‘зло’ в мордовской «коровайной песне», отсылающей в основному индоевропейскому мифу, в качестве характеристики ‘злой, сердитый’ мордовского бога грома Purgíńe-pas) показывает хронологическую глубину рус. диал. благой ‘плохой’ и позволяет развести его с благой ‘хороший’, отклонив энантиосемию или табуистическое обозначение отрицательного качества словом с первичным значением ‘хороший, сладкий’ [Дронова 2006: 72].
Волог. исполо́шить ‘в суеверных представлениях – повредить чье-либо здоровье, психику колдовством, заговором; испортить’ при яросл., волог., костром. ‘испугать, всполошить’ можно считать результатом контаминации лексем с корнем плох - / плош - ‘плохой’ и исполо́шить ‘всполошить’ с корнем * polх - ‘страх’ [СРНГ 12: 238].
-- One more model is ‘to poison oneself’ illustrated by Krasnoyarsk region, Siberian dialects sbelenit`sya from belena "a poison plant, henbane".
-- The model ‘a poisonous plant’ refers to Vyatka, Siberian, Kamchatkan dialect muxomor "an intoxicated person, a mad man".
11 SLIDE
5. Hostile effects:
A large group of active models is joined by ideas оf hostile external actions as reasons for going mad.
-- A model ‘to strike’ is represented by Vologda, Krasnoyarsk region dialects tryaxnut`sya uma, Omsk region dialects choknut`sya umom,Yakutiyan dialect strexnut`sya, Olonets, Arxangelsk region dialect oshelomilo, Olonets dialect britnut`, Arxangelsk region dialect zashibayet, Arxangelsk, Vologda regions, Olonets dialects dialect obturit`.
As for Arxangelsk region dialects otbit` pamoroki ‘to make smbd lack of memories, mind’, it derives from pamoroki "madness" developing it's meaning according to the model "dark" → "mad", having the root морок - / мерк - and referring to the etymological nest * mьrk - ‘to darken, twinkle’.
-- An idea of damaged mind is connected with the model ‘to break’: for example, Vyatka dialect porushit`sya. There is a great number of verbs with meanings of hitting, that start to indicate madness: Vologda, Krasnoyarsk region dialect трях'нуться у'ма,Omsk, Vologda, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo, Hakassiya, Irkutsk, Siberian, the Amur river dialects, lake Bajkal стрёх головы, Arxangelsk dialect с у'ма стрях'нуться, Arxangelsk, Vyatka region dialects заши'бает 'память, Omsk region dialects 'чокнуться у'мом etc.
Cимб. наши́бло, нашиба́ет ‘о временных приступах, припадках помешательства’, урал. пёхнутый, урал. тра́хнуться, карел. страхну́ться ‘лишиться рассудка’, карел. встрёпанный, урал., хаб., прибайк. трёхнуться, хаб., прибайк. трёхнутый,якут. стрехну́ться ‘сойти с ума’, прибайк. тряхану́ться, волог., краснояр. тряхну́ться, карел. стря́хивать, прибайк. стрёх головы, хабар. трёкнутый ‘психически больной, сумасшедший’, краснояр., хабар. трёкнуться ‘сойти с ума’, новосиб. тряхону́ться ‘сойти с ума, стать психически ненормальным’, якут. стряхну́ться.
Сюда же относятся олон., арх. ошеломи́ло безл. ‘обезумило’ при первом значении ‘сильным ударом привести в состояние одурения, обалдения’, арх. со́дору ‘с помутненным сознанием, помешавшись’, ‘сгоряча’ (также со́дори), производное от о́дор (о́дорь) ‘состояние гнева, потеря самообладания’ (гнездо * der -), олон. бри́тнуть ‘ошеломить, поставить в тупик’ при первом значении ‘быстро срезать, срубить’, вят. зашиба́ет па́мять безл. ‘отшибает, отбивает память’, арх. неперех. зашиба́ет безл. ‘впадать в помешательство’, арх., волог., олон. обтури́ть, отури́ть, вят. отури́ться безл. ‘одурманить, лишить памяти, сознания’, забайк. ‘сделать бестолковым, непонятливым, забитым’, вят. ‘прийти в замешательство, смятение, потерять чувство реального’ (при волог. ‘ударить’), а также производные продолжения праслав. * tъlmiti (волог., вят., сиб. толми́ть, то́льмить ‘твердить, долбить’, смол. отлу́мленный ‘оглушенный’).
-- The model ‘to deceive, to mock, to jeer at smb’ is represented by Olonets dialect galit`sya, as well as derivatives of the nests * glum -, * šut -.
Some models refer to ideas of hostile creatures, demons, and their actions: ‘to damage, to put the evil eye on smb’ (Vologda region, Vyatka dialect porcheny'j, karel. skazhyonny'j, Arхangelsk region dialect nasazhivat`, Tobolsk, Yenisey, Irkutsk regions, Severodvinsk dialect vrezhony'j),
Vologda dialect о́прокидень ‘a mad man, who hastens, fusses’. In other dialects (Perm, Vologda, Novgorod region dialects) it means ‘under the evil eye of witch’, Arxangelsk region dialect ‘werewolf’.
-- A model ‘to frighten’ is represented by Kemerovo region dialect sy'spuganny'j.
-- The model ‘an obsession, trickery’ is represented by Vologda region dialect mannoj from mana "a madness", Vyatka, Uralian dialect sbesit`sya, Arхangelsk region dialect besna, besnya, iznyalo, the Lena river, Omsk region, Uralian dialect pristigat`).
*mana производно от *manъ, а то, в свою очередь, от * mati < и.-е. *mā- ‘махать рукой, кивать украдкой’, ‘морочить кого-л., обманывать’; * manьnъ(jь) является дериватом * maniti от * manǫti ← * mati) [ЭССЯ XVII: 200–203]. Вероятно, тот же корень имеет волог. маньши́ть ‘сумасбродствовать’, ‘чудиться, казаться, мерещиться’ [СРНГ 17: 366].
Notions of evils, demons, and obssession reflect in inner form of lexemes and their usage in impersonal constructions with combination of several semantic shifts.
-- The models ‘demons’ is represented by Uralian dialect sleshit`sya from leshiy "a demon living in a forest", different word of the nest * běsъ (Vyatka, Uralian dialect сбе'ситься ‘to go mad’, Arxangelsk dialect бесна́, бесня́ ‘epilepsy and other illnesses, attributed to the obsession by demons’.
-- The model ‘to suffer from hysteria’ is presented by derivates of nests * jьkati ‘бить, ударять’, * klikati, * krikъ. You see examples in the slides. Arхangelsk region dialect, Perm' region dialect ikat`, Karelian dialect yoknut`sya, Arхangelsk region dialect ikota govoruxa, North.-East. klikala, dialect klikun, klikat` and others. They mean "to hit", "to go mad", "an illness of hysteria", "a man or woman ill with hysteria".
арх., перм. ика́ть ‘обнаруживать признаки дикого сумасшествия’,
карел. ёкнуться ‘тронуться умом, сойти с ума’,
арх., сев.-двин. ико́та ‘нервное истерическое заболевание, выражающееся в судорожных припадках, во время которых больные кричат, выкликают; кликушество’,
арх. ико́та говору́ха ‘нервная болезнь, род кликушества’,
арх. ико́тник, сев.-двин. ико́тный ‘больной нервной истерической болезнью – икотой’,
сев.-вост. кли́кала ‘о нервнобольном человеке, болезнь которого сопровождается припадками’,
кли́кальщик, кли́кальщица, сев.-вост. диал. клику́н, клику́нчик, клику́нья ‘о человеке, страдающем нервной болезнью’, кли́кать ‘страдать кликушеством’, кликота, клику́ша ‘истерия’.
12 SLIDE
6. Madness can be named after strange behaviour of a person:
-- ‘to tremble’ (Karelian dialect tryasuchij, Arхangelsk dialect tryaxovoj),
-- ‘a man staring at smth’ (the Amur river dialect oglazet`, lake Bajkal dialect dikoshary'j, Vologda dialect, Arхangelsk dialect osharovet`). These words describe a man with wide opened eyes and are found in the transition area close to fields of "Astonishment" and "Fright".
A mad man can be called as a ‘wild person’: Siberian, Tobolsk sdiv`yat`, Arхangelsk region dialect dikij, Arхangelsk, Pskov, Smolensk, Irkutsk region dialect odichat`. Some of them are etymologically connected with ideas of obsession by demons, but today are motivated by the semantics of a wild behaviour Vologda, Arхangelsk, Irkutsk, Sverdlovsk regions, Yakutiya, Severodvinsk, Vyatka dialect beshenec.
The model ‘to misbehave’ is illustrated by Karelian dialect shalevoj, shal`nik, Severodvinsk, Arхangelsk, Vologda region dialect oshalet`, Vologda, Severodvinsk, Karelian dialect prishalivat`, Arхangelsk, Vologda, Olonets dialect prishalimok referring to the nest *šalъ(jь) from *хēl- // *хōl-, Russian наха́л etc.) with semantics ‘to joke’, ‘to lie’, ‘to make a mistake’, ‘to vandalize’), and ‘to go mad’.
Someexpressions are based on the semantics "to sandpaper the anchor" with negative connotations (Arxangelsk о'бум 'прядать ‘to go mad’).
-- The model ‘to loaf’ is presented by Perm', Arхangelsk region dialect kostar` "a mad man", although in Nizhniy Novgorod dialect kostarit ' means ‘to chat, to laze’, Arxangelsk region dialect kostar` ‘a skillful player at dibs’ [СРНГ 15: 70] corresponds to the model ‘to laze’ → ‘to go mad’, compare Tomsk region dialect okosty'rit'sya ‘to come to one's senses’ – probably, from *otkostyrit'sya.
13 SLIDE
To the 7-th group of euphemisms we refer Siberian dialect on, yon "he", "a demon", "a wood-goblin".
14 SLIDE
Knowledge of local traditions and background allows to understand etymologies of words. Semantics of Arхangelsk dialect posolonny'j ‘abnormal’ (from «moving posolon` », with the sun) is based on the ideas of deviations (e.g. korova posolonnaya ‘a cow going separately from the herd’). The model is defined as ‘heretical (of the old Belief)’ → ‘mad’, as only old believers make religious processions clockwise, posolon`,after the Nikon's reform and unification of religious services and ceremonies according to Greek patterns. The motivation ‘salt, salted’ from sol` is less probable, and a variant posolyonny'j ‘fool, slow-witted’ seems to be the result of folk etymologization of previous posolonny'j: phenomena and objects are often characterized according to the sun in Arxangelsk region dialects, e.g. аrх. posolonnoye derevo ‘a tree with a trunk bended to the sunside’, Arхangelsk dialect posolonovat` ‘A shoal of herring goes across the White Sea to the Terskoj shore’.
15 SLIDE
There is a word bestoshny'j with the meaning ‘clumsy, unskilful, mad’ in Perm' region dialects.
Probably, it has the same root as Arхangelsk dialect bestochnaya, bestochnya ‘getting a sea animal, caught by the hunters on the coastal ice and cut off from the water’, Arхangelsk dialect bestoch ‘a place on the coastal ice, where hunters slaughter a sea animal, cutting off his way to the water’, deriving from tech.
As we can suppose, the Perm ` dialectal characteristic of a man or his actions bases on the impression made by the hunting described as a bloody, rough, crude deed.
16 SLIDE
We can also propose a metaphor: a man is compared to a helpless sea animal, cut off from the water (‘helpless, weak’ → ‘mad’).
The semantic shift ‘a clumsy, unskillful job’ → ‘mad’ is less probable, because such hunting demands great dexterity.
A foreign observer can think of it as of an unskilful job, though, as this meaning was registered not in the Arxangelsk region dialect, but in the dialect of the Perm ` region.
17 SLIDE
Conclusions
- Research of Russian dialects gives data to comparative language contacts studies and provides some methods of analysis.
- I've presented one of possible models of semantic and etymological research of Russian dialects within one lexical semantic field of Madness.
- We can compare models indicated with models existing in other languages, and defined roots can be used for etymologizing borrowings in contact languages.
- Data sources are dictionaries and several corpora of dialectal texts.
The focus of etymological and semantic research of dialectal lexis shifted from lexicography, phonology, morphology, and derivation studies to different kinds of complex research in recent decades.
18 SLIDE
Thank you for your attention.
I would like to thank every person related to this work for their encouragement and advice, to all of them, you have my respect and gratitude.
19-22 SLIDE
References
Dal V. I. Tolkovy'j slovar` zhivogo velikorusskogo yazy'ka [An Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language]. Vol. I–IV, St.-Petersburg; Moscow, 1880–1882.
Fasmer M. E`timologicheskij slovar` russkogo yazy'ka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] / Ed. in chief, transl. and comm. O. N. Trubachyov. Moscow, 2003. Moscow, 1964–1973, reprint of the 1stRussian edition. T. I–IV.
Leont`yeva T. V. Intellekt cheloveka v russkoj yazy'kovoj kartine mira [The Human Intellect in the Russian Linguistic Picture of the World]. Ekaterinburg, 2007.
Lobova V. A. E`mocional`ny'ye i mental`ny'ye osobennosti korenny'x e`tnosov severa [Emotional and mental peculiarities of the aboriginal populations of the North]. Xanty'-Mansijsk, 2010.
Merkulova V. A. K istorii stanovleniya narodnoj medicinskoj terminologii [To the History of the Folk Medical Terminology Formation]// Slawisches Wortstudien. Sammelband des internationalen Symposiums zur etymologischen und historischen Erforschung des slawischen Wortschatzes. Leipzig, 11–13. 10. 1972. Bautzen, Domovina – Verlag, [1975]. Pp. 132–143.
My'znikov S.A. O nekotory'x novy'x i sporny'x pribaltijsko-finskix e`timologiyax [About some new and disputable etymologies] // E`timologija 2009-2011. M., 2012. Pp. 209-216.
My'znikov S.A. Russkiye govory' Obonezhya. Areal`no-e`timologicheskoye issledovaniye leksiki pribaltijsko-µfinskogo proisxozhdenija [Russian dialects of the Onega river region. An areal-etymologycal investigation of the lexis borrowed from the baltic-finnic languages]. Spb, 2003.
Novgorodskij oblastnoj slovar` [The Dictionary of Novgorod the Great Region Dialects]. Ed. in chief V. P. Strogova. Novgorod, 1992–2000. Iss. 1–13.
Pokorny' Y. Indogermanishes e`timologishes vyorterbux [Etymological Dictionary of the Proto-Indo-European Language]. Berne, 1959.
Slavyanskiye drevnosti: E`tnolingvisticheskij slovar` v 5 tomax [Slavic Antiquities: An Ethnolinguistic Dictionary in 5 volumes]. N. I. Tolstoj (Ed.). Moscow, Mezhdunarodny'ye Otnosheniya Publ., 1995–2012.
Slovar` bryanskix govorov [The Dictionary of Bryansk Region Dialects]. Ed. in chief V. I. Chagisheva. Leningrad, 1976.
Slovar` govorov russkogo severa [The Dictionary of the Northern Russian Dialects]. Ed. in chief A. K. Matveyev. Ekaterinburg, Ural State University Publ., 2001. V. I–.
Slovar` russkix donskix govorov [The Dictionary of Russian Dialects of the Don River Region]. Eds. in chief Xmelevskaya T. A., Ovchinnikova V. S. Rostov-na-Donu, 1975–1976. Т. I–III.
Slovar` russkix govorov Karelii i sopredel`ny'x oblastej [The Dictionary of Russian Dialects of Kareliya and the Adjacent Areas]. Eds. in chief Gerd A. S. St.-Petersburg, 1994–2005. Iss. 1–6.
Slovar` russkix govorov na territorii Mordovskoj ASSR [The Dictionary of Russian Dialects in the Mordovian ASSR]. Saransk, 1980–1993. Iss. 1–5.
Slovar` russkix govorov Priamur`ya [The Dictionary of Russian Dialects of the Amur River Region]. Moscow, 1983. Eds. Ivanova F. P. and oth. Ed. in chief Filin F. P.
Slovar` russkix govorov Pribajkal`ya [The Dictionary of Russian Dialects of the Bajkal Lake Region]. Ed. in chief Koshevskaya Yu. I. Iss. 1–4. Irkutsk, 1986.
Slovar` russkix govorov Srednego Urala [The Dictionary of Russian Dialects of the Middle Urals]. Ed. in chief memb. of the Russian Academy of Sciences Matveyev A. K. Sverdlovsk, 1964–1988. V. I–VII.
Slovar` russkix narodny'x govorov [The Dictionary of Russian Dialects]. Eds. in chief F. P. Filin (Iss. 1–23), F. P. Sorokoletov (Iss. 24–45), S. A. My'znikov (Iss. 46–49–). Leningrad–S.-Petersburg, «Nauka» Publ., 1966–2016–.
Slovar` smolenskix govorov [The Dictionary of Smolensk Dialects]. Ed. in chief doc. A. I. Ivanova. Smolensk, 1974. 1–6.
Slovar` sovremennogo russkogo literaturnogo yazy'ka [The Dictionary of the Contemporary Russian Literary Language]. Moscow, Leningrad, «Nauka» Publ., 1948–1965. Vv. I–XVII.
Slovar` staroukrainskogo yazy'ka XIV–XV vv. [The Dictionary of the Old Ukrainian Language of the 14-th–15-th centuries]. In 2 vol. Eds. D. G. Grinchishin, U. Ya. Yedlinskaya, A. T. Zaxarkiv, V. L. Karpova and oth. Kiyev, «Naukova Dumka» Publ., 1978.
Sreznevskij I.I. Materialy' dlya slovarya drevnerusskogo yazy'ka [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old Russian Language]. Vol. I–III. Moscow, 1958. Reprint of the 2-nd Ed. (St.-Petersburg, Publ. of the Department of the Russian language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1880–1882).
Tolstaya S. M. Prostranstvo smy'sla. Leksicheskaya semantika v obshheslavyanskoj perspektive [The Space of Meaning. Lexical Semantics in the Common Slavic Perspective]. Moscow, «Indrik» Publ., 2008.
Trubachyov O. N., Zhuravlyov A. F. (Eds.). Etimologicheskij slovar` slavyanskix yazy'kov [Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Languages]. Eds. O. N. Trubachyov (Iss. 1–31), A. F. Zhuravlyov (Iss. 32–40). Iss. 1–40–, Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1974–2016–.
Varbot Zh. Zh. Issledovaniya po russkoj i slavyanskoj e`timologii [Research in the Field of Russian and Slavic Etymology]. Мoscow; Saint Petersburg, Nestor-Istoriya Publ., 2012.
23 SLIDE
Thank you for your attention!