| Meaning/ Function | Sentence connectors | Clause connectors | Others (adjectives verbs and prepositions) | |
| Coordinators | Subordinators | |||
| To introduce a similar additional idea | also, besides, furthermore in addition, moreover, too | and nor (“and not”) | another an additional | |
| To compare things | also, likewise, similarly, too | and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor | as, just as | as…as, like/alike, just like, similar to, be alike, be similar |
| To introduce an opposite idea, and to contrast things | however in contrast instead in/by comparison, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, on the contrary still | but yet | although even though though whereas while | despite in spite of compared to/with be different (from) be dissimilar be unlike differ (from) |
| To introduce an example | for example for instance | such as like an example of | ||
| To emphasize | in fact | |||
| To explain and restate | indeed that is | |||
| To introduce an alternative | otherwise | Or | if unless | |
| To signal chronological order | first, second, etc. first of all then, next now, then, soon last, finally meanwhile gradually after that since then | after as as soon as before since until when while | the first, the second the next, the last, the final before lunch after the war since 19_ in the year 20_ (any time expression) | |
| To indicate order of importance | above all first and foremost more/most importantly/significantly primarily | a more important the most important the second most significant the primary | ||
| To introduce a cause or reason | For | because since as | result from be the result of due to because of the effect of the consequence of as a result of as a consequence of | |
| To introduce an effect or result | accordingly as a result as a consequence consequently hence, thus therefore | so | result in cause have an effect on affect the cause of the reason for | |
| To conclude | all in all in brief in conclusion in short in summary indeed | It is clear that… We can see that… The evidence suggests that… These examples show that… |
Practice 4
Study the following model, and notice how the paragraphs are linked by a single word, a phrase, or a clause.
The effect of women’s liberation on society
Since the middle of this century, women around the world have been seeking greater independence and recognition. No longer content with their traditional roles as housewives and mothers, women have joined together to create the women’s liberation movement. While the forces behind this movement vary from culture to culture, the basic causes can be traced to three events: the development of effective birth-control methods, the invention of labor-saving devices for the home, and the advent of World War II. These three events planted the seeds of great changes in society, and the effects of these changes are being felt at all levels: in the family, in business, and in government.
The first effect of the greater independence of women today is being felt in the family.(+supporting sentences)_________________________________________________
The effects of women’s liberation are being felt not only in the home but also at the job site. (+ supporting sentences)______________________________________
Politics and government are still other areas that are feeling the effects of women’s liberation. (+ supporting sentences)____________________________________
In conclusion, women are acquiring greater independence, which is causing sweeping changes at home, at work, and in government.
CHECK YOURSELF: The main parts of an essay
Study the graph, revise the most important points you should have learned, read the following statements and fill in the gaps.
ESSAY
| I. INTRODUCTION | ||
| General Statements | ||
| Thesis Statement | ||
| II. BODY | ||
| A. Topic Sentence 1. Support 2. Support 3. Support (Concluding Sentence) | ||
| B. Topic Sentence 1. Support 2. Support 3. Support (Concluding Sentence) | ||
| C. Topic Sentence 1. Support 2. Support 3. Support (Concluding Sentence) | ||
| III. CONCLUSION | ||
| Restatement or summary of the main points; final comment | ||
 |
 Topic Sentence
|
A. Support
 B.Support
 C.Support
|
  Concluding Sentence
|
PARAGRAPH
1. The introductory paragraph attracts the reader’s attention and informs the reader what your main topic of discussion will be. The introduction has 2 parts:
a. Several general statements that give (1)………..………… on the subject and gradually lead to the (2) ……….. topic.
b. A(3)………….. statement that states the topic/problem and subdivisions (topics of each paragraph). It also indicates the method of development (considering arguments for and against or proving your point of view).
2. The (4)………….. of an essay discusses your subdivided topics/arguments, one by one. It contains as many paragraphs as necessary to explain the controlling ideas in the thesis.
3. The concluding paragraph has a (5)…………. of the main ideas, a restatement of the thesis in different words and your final comment on the topic or a balanced consideration.
4. Remember to show the (6)…………….. between paragraphs by using appropriate linking words, phrases, or clauses.