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| administer [əd'mɪnɪstə] управлять, осуществлять управление critical asset - критически важные ресурсы severe [sɪ'vɪə] суровый calamity [kə'læmətɪ] беда, бедствие to occur [ə'kɜː] происходить, случаться multi-layered - многоступенчатый issue ['ɪʃuː] вопрос; проблема flood [flʌd] наводнение hurricane ['hʌrɪkeɪn] ураган failure ['feɪljə] авария utilities [juːˈtɪlɪtɪz] коммунальные службы to relinquish [rɪ'lɪŋkwɪʃ] оставлять, покидать disease [dɪ'ziːz] заболевание, болезнь impacted region – пострадавшая область (зона) temporary housing - временное жилье immune [ɪ'mjuːn] защищённый vulnerability [ˌvʌlnərə'bɪlətɪ] чувствительность (к воздействию внешних факторов) earthquake ['ɜːθkweɪk] землетрясение eruption [ɪ'rʌpʃ(ə)n] извержение (вулкана) impact ['ɪmpækt] влияние landslide ['lændslaɪd] обвал, оползень ferry ['ferɪ] паром environmental emergency - чрезвычайная экологическая ситуация to involve [ɪn'vɔlv] касаться hazardous ['hæzədəs] опасный to occur [ə'kɜː] происходить, случаться break-down of authority - развал власти looting ['luːtɪŋ] мародёрство strategic installations - стратегические объекты onset ['ɔnset] вспышка, проявление (болезни) contagious [kən'teɪʤəs] инфекционный to disrupt [dɪs'rʌpt] подрывать, подрывать hazard risks - риск возникновения стихийного бедствия generic [ʤɪ'nerɪk] общий to ensure [ɪn'ʃuə] гарантировать, обеспечивать injury ['ɪnʤərɪ] увечье, травма to exceed [ɪk'siːd, ek-] превышать preparedness [prɪ'peədnəs] подготовленность, готовность response [rɪ'spɔns] реагирование, ответное действие outcome ['autkʌm] последствие, результат crucial ['kruːʃ(ə)l] ключевой, решающий to evaluate [ɪ'væljueɪt] оценивать exposure [ɪk'spəuʒə] подверженность внешнему воздействию remediation [rɪˌmiːdɪ'eɪʃn] ликвидация последствий to accomplish [ə'kʌmplɪʃ] успешно выполнять critical infrastructures - важные объектов инфраструктуры vehicle ['viːɪkl] транспортное средство |
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disaster Management is a strategic planning and procedure that is administered and employed to protect critical infrastructures (also known as "critical assets") from severe damages when natural or human made calamities and catastrophic even occur. In the later year of 2010, Europe started to develop a strategic National Disaster Management after so many natural catastrophes happened in the year of 2010. According to European Academy, there are 725 extremely weather phenomena caused billions of Euro damage and thousands of people's life.
Disaster management plans are multi-layered and are aimed to address such issues as floods, hurricanes, fires, bombings, and even mass failures of utilities or the rapid spread of disease. The disaster plan is likely to address such as important matters as relinquishing people from an impacted region, arranging temporary housing, food, and medical care.
There is no country that is immune from disaster, though vulnerability to disaster varies. There are four main types of disaster:
1. Natural disasters. These disasters include floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions that can have immediate impacts on human health, as well as secondary impacts causing further death and suffering from floods causing landslides, earthquakes resulting in fires, tsunamis causing widespread flooding and typhoons sinking ferries.
2. Environmental emergencies. These emergencies include technological or industrial accidents, usually involving hazardous material, and occur where these materials are produced, used or transported. Large forest fires are generally included in this definition because they tend to be caused by humans.
3. Complex emergencies. These emergencies involve a break-down of authority, looting and attacks on strategic installations. Complex emergencies include conflict situations and war.
4. Pandemic emergencies. These emergencies involve a sudden onset of a contagious disease that affects health but also disrupts services and businesses, bringing economic and social costs.
Emergency Management
Emergency Management is the generic name of an interdisciplinary field dealing with the strategic organization management processes used to protect asses of an organization from hazard risks that can cause disasters or catastrophes, and to ensure the continuance of the organization within their planned lifetime. It is a systematic process leading to action before, during and after a disaster to save lives and prevent injury. "Disaster" here means a major emergency that exceeds the community's capacity to respond successfully with its own resources. Emergency Management is organized into four phases:
1. Mitigation: actions taken to eliminate a hazard or reduce its potential impact.
2. Preparedness: planning for major emergencies, including training and exercises.
3. Response: actions taken in response to emergencies.
4. Recovery: actions taken after a disaster to restore services and reconstruct communities.
Resilience defines the goal of mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery; which is the capability to recover from catastrophe or misfortune. Prevention is totally avoiding danger or risky events.
Mitigation is the effort to reduce loss of life and property by lessening the impact of disasters.
Preparedness is a way of mitigating unwanted outcome and it is one of the crucial actions in achieving safety and security in the event of calamities, disasters, and terrorism.
Response. An emergency response plan must provide the resources and information needed to evaluate the human and environmental health impacts of the event, assess and reduce human exposures to contaminants, and develop science-based strategies for remediation and rebuilding.
Recovery. Once immediate lifesaving operations are accomplished, the focus changes to assisting the critical infrastructures involved in the incidents and recovery. Recovery efforts are primarily concerned with actions that involve rebuilding destroyed property, re-employment, and the repair of other essential infrastructure.
Tools. Various types of tools are available to assist emergency response team and professionals. Used tools might include search and rescue dogs, mounted search and rescue horses, helicopters, the «jaws of life», and other hydraulic cutting tools used to extricate individuals from wrecked vehicles. Rescue operations are sometimes supported by special vehicles such as fire department's or EMS heavy rescue vehicle.
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| resuscitation [rɪˌsʌsɪ'teɪʃ(ə)n] искусственное дыхание, реанимация unresponsive [ˌʌnrɪ'spɔn(t)sɪv] без сознания (не реагирующий) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) - искусственное дыхание и непрямой массаж сердца chest compressions - непрямой массаж сердца circulation [ˌsɜːkjə'leɪʃn] кровообращение recovery position - положение лёжа на боку с расположением полости рта ниже уровня воздухоносных путей и выдвинутой вперёд нижней челюстью to assess [ə'ses] давать оценку состоянию casualty ['kæʒʊəltɪ] пострадавший airway ['eə(r)weɪ] дыхательные пути tilt [tɪlt] наклонять maintain [meɪn'teɪn] поддерживать, сохранять kneel down [niːl daun] становиться на колени heel of hand – ладонь breastbone ['brestbəun] грудная кость, грудина to interlock – переплетать to lean over – наклоняться to press down — нажимать at a rate - со скоростью pinch [pɪnʧ] сдавливать, зажимать seal [siːl] плотно закрывать |
RESUSCITATION
(Unresponsive and not breathing adult)
If an adult is unresponsive and not breathing, you’ll need to do CPR (which is short for cardiopulmonary resuscitation). CPR involves giving someone a combination of chest compressions and rescue breaths to keep their heart and circulation going to try to save their life. If they start breathing normally again, stop CPR and put them in the recovery position.
Check if someone is unresponsive and not breathing, you need to assess the casualty. If you find they’re unresponsive and not breathing then you’ll need to call 112/103 for emergency medical help.
Step 1. Open the airway
- If someone is unresponsive, open his/her airway.
- Place one hand on the casualty’s forehead and two fingers under their chin. Gently tilt their head back and lift the chin. 
Step 2. Check their breathing
- Maintain the head tilt and chin lift, and look for chest movement. Listen for the sounds of normal breathing and see if you can feel their breaths on your cheek.
- If they are not breathing, you need to start CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation – a combination of chest pressure and rescue breaths) straight away.
