LESSON 8
ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА:
1. Инфинитив в функции подлежащего и обстоятельств цели.
2. Оборот for + существительное (местоимение) + инфинитив
3. Парный союз the... the...
Задание на дом № 1
I. Проработайте в разделе «Грамматика и словообразование» § 12, 13, 14.
II. В следующих предложениях определите функцию инфинитива. Переведите предложения (устно):
1. Fertilizers are used to improve soil fertility. 2. For these crops to grow well fertilizers should be applied. 3. This soil is fertile enough to produce high yields. 4. To classify crops properly one should know their characteristics. 5. The soil of this area is too poor to produce high yields of grain crops.
6. Plants absorb nutrients from the soil in order to grow well.
7. To obtain nutrients and water from the soil is the main function of plant roots. 8. Botanists study the structure of plants in order to know how they grow.
III. Определите в тексте A:
а) функции инфинитива в двух последних абзацах;
б) функции причастия I в двух первых абзацах.
IV. Назовите русские эквиваленты следующих интернациональных слов.
1) structure, structural, structurally, structureless;
2) proportion, disproportion;
3) aggregate, aggregated, aggregation;
4) erosion, erosive;
5) normal, normally, normalization;
6) adequate, adequately, inadequate;
7) chemical, chemically, chemist;
8) deficit, deficient;
9) absorption, to absorb, absorbing, absorbed;
10) aeration, aerator.
V. Переведите текст А (устно).
Text A
SOIL
Being less important than climate, soil properties are essential in determining which crops to grow.
Texture of a soil refers to the size of its particles. Soils range from pure sands to pure clays. The principal textural classes are sand, sandy loam, clay loam, and clay. A soil with a large proportion of clay particles is usually called a heavy soil, and the one with a large proportion of sand — a light soil, the two types differing greatly in the ease of cultivation. Soil structure refers to the manner in which the particles are arranged. An aggregated or compound structure favours good seedbed preparation, case of cultivation, and protection from wind or water erosion. Aggregated structure normally is found in soils rich in1 organic matter.
Among soil constituents, water is the most important one. The finer the soil particles, the more water the soil holds. Extremely coarse sandy soils are unable to store moisture in sufficient amounts for crops to grow well.
Air, which makes up from 20 to 25 per cent by volume of an ordinary moist soil, supplies oxygen necessary for root
growth and for oxidation of organic matter and other soil constituents.
To grow well crop plants need an adequate supply of plant nutrients during the growing season. About 25 or 30 chemical elements are found in plants, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen being most abundant. The essential mineral elements that are present in plants and are most frequently deficient in soils are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. But in order to grow normally crops also absorb considerable quantities of other minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.
Good soils contain adequate amounts of available nutrients to meet the needs2 of a crop plant for normal growth. They are not too acid or too alkaline to produce good growth. In general, fertile soils with a good water-holding capacity are favourable for the growth of the most important crop plants. Some soils may have an especially wide range of crop adaptation. However, to apply additional fertilizers is usually a good practice even on the best soils, provided growing conditions are favourable.
Пояснения к тексту
1) rich in — с высоким содержанием;
2) to meet the needs — удовлетворять потребности.
Запомните
the + ср. степ, прилагательного или наречия... the + ср. степ, прилагательного или наречия — чем... тем.
Лексический минимум к тексту А
heavy soil, light soil, clay loam, sand, sandy loam, acid soil, alkaline soil, fine (soil), soil structure, soil texture, soil particle, fertile, organic matter, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, erosion, wind, deficient, sufficient, to determine, to need, necessary, supply, preparation, quantity, in order (to) the... the...
АУДИТОРНАЯ РАБОТА
VI. Выборочная проверка упражнений из задания на дом № 1.
VII. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива (устно):
1. То develop good tubers potatoes need sandy or sandy loam soils. 2. Fine soils can store enough moisture for crops to grow normally. 3. To produce high yields crop plants require an adequate supply of plant nutrients and water. 4. Crops also require minerals in order to grow well. 5. The climate of this area is too cold to cultivate corn. 6. To apply fertilizers is the most usual practice in cultivating most crops. 7. For soil to produce good crops, it should not be too acid or too alkaline. 8. In order to improve the structure of this soil we must supply it with organic matter. 9. To get good results the plant grower must know the properties of the soil cultivated. 10. To prepare the proper seedbed in very important for obtaining good results. 11. The soils in our region arc too heavy to provide normal development of tubers. 12. Legumes can be grown to improve soil fertility. 13. For soil moisture to be high enough irrigation is often necessary.
VIII. Назовите номера предложений, при переводе которых
нужно употребить частицу «бы».
1. If nutrients and water were not absorbed by the roots, the plant would not grow. 2. We should not obtain high yields if the soil were not fertile enough. 3. Provided the soil contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in proper amounts, we shall be able to obtain normal development of plants. 4. Poor results may be obtained with this crop unless it is sown in a well prepared seedbed. 5. If the temperature conditions of the summer were not favourable, the plants
would not grow properly. 6. Good crop cannot be produced unless the soil is well supplied with organic matter.
IX. Контроль чтения и перевода текста А.
Задание на дом № 2
X. Переведите следующие предложения с парным союзом
the... the (устно):
1. The better is the soil the higher will be the yield. 2. The more favourable are the climatic conditions the better are the results. 3. The finer are the soil particles the more moisture is stored in the soil. 4. The lighter is the soil the more easily it is cultivated.
XI. Выпишите из текста А антонимы к следующим словам:
heavy, coarse, rich, small, able, deficient, unfavourable, less.
XII. Переведите на английский язык (письменно):
а) 1. Есть тяжелые и легкие почвы. 2. Основные типы
почв — песчаные, суглинистые и глинистые. 3. Почвы
имеют различную структуру. 4. Вода является самым
важным составным элементом почвы. 5. Воздух снабжает растения кислородом. 6. Чтобы хорошо расти, растениям требуются питательные вещества.
б) 1. Текстура почвы определяется размером почвенных
частиц. 2. По текстуре почвы классифицируются на тяжелые (с большим количеством глинистых частиц) и
легкие (с большим количеством песка). 3. Почвенная
структура зависит от расположения почвенных частиц.
4. Почвы с большим количеством органического вещества имеют сложную структуру. 5. Хорошие почвы
способны удерживать влагу, которая необходима для
того, чтобы растения могли нормально развиваться.
6. Чтобы хорошо расти, растениям необходим целый ряд
химических и минеральных элементов. 7. Плодородные
почвы содержат достаточное количество питательных веществ, которые поглощаются растениями через корни. 8. Полезно применять удобрения даже на плодородных почвах.
XIII. Выполните лабораторную работу № 2.
АУДИТОРНАЯ РАБОТА
XIV. Проверка домашнего задания.
XV. Определите, какие слова из правой колонки могут сочетаться со словами из левой колонки.
1) soil heavy, rich, sandy, light, cultivation,
cultivated, large;
2) nutrients plant, favourable, available, acid, essential;
3) growth proper, normal, plant, adequate, important,
considerable, organic;
4) conditions untavourable, heavy, climate, ordinary,
proper, improved, the same, small.
XVI. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту А (устно):
1. What textural classes of soil do you know?
2. What is soil structure?
3. What do plants absorb from the soil?
4. What do plants obtain from the air?
5. What are the most important mineral elements required for
plant growth?
6. Why can plants grow well on fertile soils?
7. Should fertilizers be applied to fertile soils?
XVII. Перечислите (по-английски) все известные нам виды почв.
XVIII. Прочтите текст В, не пользуясь словарем.
TEXT В
SOIL WATER
Soil water is one of the most important factors affecting crop production. The success of a cropping system may sometimes depend on adequate irrigation and drainage programme.
Water must be available in the soil to compensate its losses through some natural processes during the growing season. Soil water is needed as it conducts nutrients for growing crops. It also has a great effect on aeraton and temperature conditions in the soil. The soil must be able to provide water for maximum yield to be obtained.
However, the moisture content of a soil is not always optimum for the highest crop production. Usually there is either a deficiency or a too big amount of it, and crop production is reduced.
Some soils contain too much water at all times, and to be used for agriculture they require special drainage. There are soils which are always deficient in moisture because of inadequate rainfall, and will produce poor crops unless they are irrigated. Most agricultural soils have enough water to meet plant requirements during a considerable part of the year..
Soil water is also a very essential factor in cultivation. It often determines the time and the depth of sowing. If there is too much water, the use of machine cultivation and harvesting machinery may be not possible. Insufficient amount of moisture makes the soil too hard and very difficult to cultivate.
XIX. Найдите то место в тексте В, где говорится о роли воды в снабжении растений питательными веществами.
XX. Скажите максимально кратко по-русски (по-английски), какую роль выполняет почвенная влага при выращивании с.-х. культур.
LESSON 9
ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА: 1. Глаголы to be и to have
перед инфинитивом.
2. Бессоюзные определительные предложения.
3. Значения to be и to have (повторение).
4. Глаголы со значением долженствования (повторение).
5. Парный союз neither... nor.
Задание на дом № 1
I. Проработайте в разделе «Грамматика и словообразование» § 15, 16, 17.
II. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на значение глаголов to be и to have перед инфинитивом (устно):
1. Many agricultural processes are to be mechanized. 2. Our aim is to mechanize more agricultural processes. 3. We have to apply nitrogen and phosphorus to this soil. 4. We arc to introduce some new methods of selection on our farm. 5. The agronomist has to use chemicals to control weeds.
III. Переведите предложения, восстанавливая при переводе
опущенное союзное слово (устно).
1. The fertilizers we have applied will increase crop yields.
2. The seedbed the farmers use for planting must be well prepared.
3. The principal parts a plant consists of are the roots, the stem, and the leaves. 4. The classification of grain crops we discussed last week is of great interest.
IV. Определите в тексте A:
а) какие значения имеет глагол to be перед инфинитивом в 5-м абзаце;
б) где пропущено союзное слово «который» во 2-м абзаце.
V. а) Назовите основные формы следующих нестандартных глаголов: to grow, to have, to know, to give, to take, to make;
б) Определите по словарю значение следующих сочетаний слов:
a lot of, by means of, in relation to, in view of, a great deal, to deal with, in case of, with respect to.
VI. Переведите текст А (устно).
Text A
FARM MANURE
Fertility is one of the most essential properties of the soil, as high crop production always greatly depends on it.
A lot of factors may help to produce soil fertility. A fertile soil is warm, moist and well structured; it is neither too acid nor too alkaline, and contains a great amount of soil nutrients. Since good structure and the supply of nutrients depend on organic matter, one can say that fertility of a soil is greatly affected by the organic matter it contains.
However, plant nutrients are lost from the soil in different ways. To compensate the nutrients the growing crops remove, as well as those lost through erosion and leaching
farmers have to use barnyard manure and green manure
crops.
Farm or barnyard manure is highly important for growing crops, its value for maintenance of soil productivity having been recognized since early times. Manure can improve the soil that is cropped because it contains such substances as nitrogen, phosphorus and potash. It also adds humus which is the product of organic matter decomposition.
When the soil is low in organic matter, the growing of crops which are to be plowed under may be desirable. Such crops are referred to as1 green manure crops. The aim of growing them is to increase organic matter and nitrogen content of the soil. Cover crops which are used to protect the soil surface should commonly be turned under for green manure, too.
Green manures are primarily used in order to increase the yield of subsequent crops as well as to improve the fertility of the soil, supplying organic matter and thus compensating for its losses through cultivation. The purpose of green manuring is also to prevent the leaching of plant nutrients from the soil during periods between regular crops, and to increase the supply of combined nitrogen when leguminous plants are turned under.
However, it is not always practically possible to increase the organic matter content of a given soil to any considerable extent. The beneficial results often obtained from incorporating a green manure crop arc due to increased availability of soil nutrients rather than2 to an increase in the organic matter content in the cultivated soil.
Пояснения к тексту
1) to be referred to as — называться;
2) rather than — а не.
Лексический минимум к тексту А
cover crop, humus, manure, leguminous, decomposition, leaching, maintenance, substance, to lose (lost, lost), low in, property, to add, to turn under, possible, aim, during, too, since, neither... nor.
АУДИТОРНАЯ РАБОТА
Выборочная проверка упражнений из задания на дом № 1.
Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на различные значения глаголов to be и to have (устно).
1. We have used these crops as green manure to increase the amount of organic matter in the soil. 2. Manure is to add humus to the soil. 3. If soil is low in nitrogen, legume crops are often plowed under. 4. The aim of using green manure crops was to prevent the leaching of plant nutrients from the soil. 5. Sometimes plant growers have to turn under leguminous plants in order to raise the supply of nitrogen in the soil. 6. In our country we have a lot of areas with highly fertile soil. 7. The soil of our farm is rich in phosphorus and potash. 8. Many important problems are to be solved in agriculture. 9. The value of soil fertility is well known to agriculturists. 10. To increase the yields we have to use barnyard manure and fertilizers. 11. Our plan is to obtain good stands by seeding high quality seed. 12. The value of humus has been recognized since early times.
IX. Назовите номера предложений, где пропущено союзное
слово «который».
1. The optimum temperature the seed will germinate at varies with different kinds of seeds. 2. The farm our agronomist spoke about is a good producer of forage crops.
3. Cereals that are widely grown in this region are used as food both for man and for livestock. 4. To obtain good stands plant growers should follow the recommendations which are given by the agronomist. 5. The crops farmers grow for plowing under are called green manure crops. 6. We use fertilizers and barnyard manure to supply nutrients the plants have removed.
X. Найдите предложения, в которых сказуемое имеет значе-
ние долженствования.
1. Seed should be sown at a proper rate. 2. If we were asked we should recommend to start harvesting next week. 3. Our farm is to plant legumes on larger area next year. 4. We shall grow more fiber crops in order to obtain more oil. 5. To germinate uniformly seed must be planted at the same depth. 6. At present plant breeders can influence some characteristics of plants. 7. These improved potato varieties have been obtained through hybridization. 8. If the soil is not sufficiently moist, we shall have to irrigate it. 9. Green manures are to be used to increase the yields of crops that will follow. 10. Cover crops should be grown to protect the soil surface. 11. Most vegetable crops should be grown on the soil high in organic matter.
XI. Составьте предложения, соединяя части, подходящие по
смыслу.
1. A fertile soil should be a) since it supplies soil with
humus.
Manure is of great b) to compensate plant nutrients value lost from the soil.
Soil fertility is greatly c) neither too acid nor too influenced alkaline.
Green manure crops d) by the amount of organic often increase matter contained.
Fertilizers and barnyard e) availability of soil nutrients to plants. manure should be used
XII. Найдите в тексте А место, где дается характеристика плодородной почвы.
XIII. Контроль чтения и перевода текста А.
Задание на дом № 2
XIV. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на раз-
личные значения слова since (устно):
1. We have not discussed this problem since last year. 2. Since this cropXrequires a long growing season it should be planted in early spring. 3. Since there is not enough organic matter in this soil, green manure crops are to be grown on it. 4. This corn variety has been cultivated in our region since 1980.
XV. Переведите следующие группы слов (устно):
unlike cereals; like cereals; to be rich in nutrients; to be low in organic matter; to be high in organic matter; to depend on; one should know; neither nitrogen nor phosphorus; either nitrogen or phosphorus; both nitrogen and phosphorus; nitrogen as well as phosphorus; most soils; most favourable conditions; more favourable conditions; less favourable conditions; since 1970; since this soil is deficient in nitrogen...
XVI. Переведите на английский язык (письменно):
а) 1. Урожаи зависят от почвенного плодородия. 2. Плодородная почва содержит много питательных веществ и влаги. 3. Содержание органического вещества сильно влияет на плодородие почвы. 4. Навоз и минеральные удобрения должны компенсировать потери питательных веществ вследствие эрозии и выщелачивания. 5. Чтобы повысить плодородие почвы, можно использовать сидеральные культуры. 6. Эти культуры увеличивают количество органического вещества в почве и его доступность для растений.
б) 1. Плодородие почвы сильно влияет на урожай с.-х. культур. 2. Плодородная почва должна быть теплой, достаточно влажной и должна иметь хорошую структуру. 3. Запас питательных веществ для растений зависит от количества органического вещества, которое содержится в почве. 4. Питательные вещества выносятся растениями и теряются вследствие эрозии и выщелачивания. 5. Их можно компенсировать путем внесения в почву навоза и удобрений. 6. Навоз улучшает почву, так как содержит азот, фосфор и калий. 7. На почвах с низким содержанием органического вещества нужно выращивать культуры, идущие на зеленое удобрение. 8. Эти культуры увеличивают количество азота в почве. 9. Сидеральные культуры могут также повышать доступность питательных веществ для растений.
XVII. Выполните лабораторую работу № 2.
АУДИТОРНАЯ РАБОТА
XVIII. Проверка домашнего задания.
XIX. Определите, какие предложения не соответствуют содержанию текста А. Приведите их в соответствие с текстом (устно):
1. A fertile soil is either acid or alkaline.
2. Soil fertility depends on the amount of the organic matter contained.
3. Plant nutrients removed from the soil by the growing plants cannot be compensated.
4. Green manure crops arc grown on the soil rich in organic matter.
5. Green manures always increase the organic matter content of the soil.
XX. Прочтите текст В, не пользуясь словарем, и озаглавьте его. Определите значение выделенных слов по контексту.
Text В
Organic matter made up of living material is an important component that may greatly influence physical, chemical and bioligical processes that take place in the soil.
Organic matter which includes crop and animal residues is of great value in its effect, as it improves soil structure. Due to organic matter contained the soil can better absorb and hold water] thus reducing considerably the losses of valuable nutrients by leaching and erosion.
Having decomposed, organic matter forms humus which increases the availability of mineral matter for nutrition. It also can make a heavy soil lighter.
Organic matter favours the growth and development of beneficial types of bacteria in the soil It can also store nitrogen needed by growing plants.
If organic matter is contained in a proper amount, it helps the soil to absorb heat from the sun and warm up more easily.
The amount of organic matter the soil accumulates is dependent upon soil and climatic conditions and upon the way in which the land is used. If the soil is cultivated too intensively, or if no crops are grown in the area for long periods, the supply of organic matter in the soil is reduced.
XXI. Найдите в тексте В определение понятия «гумус».
XXII. На основании содержания текста В перечислите по русски (по английски) функции, которые выполняет органическое вещество почвы.
LESSO N 10
ГРАММАТИКА: 1. Инфинитив в функции определения.
Задание на дом № 1
I. Прочитайте в разделе «Грамматика и словообразование» §18.
П. В следующих предложениях выделите инфинитив в функции определения. Переведите приложения (устно):
1. The seedbed to be used for sowing grain crops should be rich in organic matter. 2. The variety of corn to be sown this year has been developed by our agronomists. 3. The best method to recommend for improving soil fertility in this region is to plow under green manure crops. 4. The methods of crop improvement to be applied vary with the conditions of cultivation and some other factors. 5. The application of manure should increase the organic matter content in the soil to be cultivated.
III. Найдите в тексте A:
1) инфинитив в функции определения (абзац);
2) глагол to be в различных значениях (предпоследний абз.).
IV. а) Запишите следующие слова в алфавитном порядке,
учитывая первые 3 буквы: depth, duration, decrease, day, disease, drought, during, development, dry, diet, drainage, depend, б) Назовите словарную форму:
1) прилагательных -
more favourable, best, deeper, greatest;
2) причастий —
produced, grown, planting;
3) существительных -
qualities, growers, losses.
V. Переведите текст А (устно).
Text A
SEEDBED PREPARATION
Good stands start with good seed. However, even the best seed will not produce optimum yields unless other factors are favourable. A good seedbed that supplies the proper environment for germination is of the greatest importance in ensuring an optimum stand of the crops to be grown. Such seedbed is to insure adequate moisture for germination at the due seeding depth. The soil particles must be in contact with the seed they surround to allow a maximum water absorption for rapid germination.
Before planting, a grower has to perform cultivation practices that insure the proper environment for germination and at the same time preserve soil structure and minimize water loss due to evaporation from the soil surface. If the soil were too finely pulverized, crusting would occur. To maintain good structure the soil should not be cultivated when it is wet.
The first tillage operation following the preceding harvest is to destroy crop residues and to incorporate them into the soil to be used for seeding]In some regions this is done in the fall, while in areas with short growing season this operation is delayed until early spring. Early cultivation allows more time for organic matter to decompose.
Final seedbed preparation is completed in spring or late summer for crops to be sown in the fall. The first step is to cultivate with discs or harrows, or both. The surface soil is to be worked finely enough to minimize evaporation and to insure fine and mellow seedbed. It has to be cultivated deeply enough to kill early growing weeds. After cultivation, fields arc sometimes rolled to insure a firm seedbed. This is quite common in preparing the seedbed for most forage grasses. For crops that require irrigation, beds should be formed
before rolling. To conserve moisture, final seedbed preparation should be followed by immediate planting.
However, even the best seedbed will not insure a good stand unless there is enough oxygen and proper temperature for seed germination.
Лексический минимум к тексту А
fall, absorption, evaporation, harrow, mellow, residue, to roll, tillage, temperature, wet, loss, to maintain, to kill, to destroy, to insure (ensure), to allow, to occur, common, quite, rapid, while.
АУДИТОРНАЯ РАБОТА
VI. Выборочная проверка упражнений из задания на дом № 1.
VII. Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание па разницу в переводе определений, выраженных причастным оборотом и инфинитивом (устно):
1.The soil to be used as a seedbed should be warm, moist and mellow. 2. The soil cultivated when it is too wet will no4 provide conditions for normal plant growth. 3. Seed planted deep enough will have a sufficient supply of moisture and nutrients. 4. Developing a new variety to be cultivated in a given area one should know its soil and climatic requirements. 5. We were given the seed to be used for sowing. 6. The seedbed prepared in spring is to provide the proper environment for seed germination. 7. Fertilizers to be applied must be of highest quality. 8. The yield of root crops produced last year was rather low. 9. The yields to be obtained on our farm greatly depend on soil condition. 10. The increase in corn yield to be produced greatly depends on
the amount and quality of fertilizers and manure added to the soil.
VIII. Выделите слова и группы слов, служащие определением к существительному (причастные обороты, инфинитив, определительные предложения). Переведите предложения (устно):
1. The seedbed we prepare for sowing this crop must provide optimum conditions for plant development. 2. Before planting the farmer has prepared a seedbed insuring optimum conditions for seed germination. 3. The soil to be used as a seedbed should not be too finely pulverized. 4. The soil that is too wet will not provide proper germination. 5. The seedbed used for growing forage grasses must be firm enough: 6. The amount of seed to be sown per hectare should be well known. 7. The fertilizers applied produced good effect on the growth of the plants. 8. The period the jl potato tubers form and develop should be cool enough.
IX. Определите, какой частью речи является выделенное слово. Переведите предложения (устно):
1. One must water the flowers regulary. 2. Water is required by all plants. 3. There exist some water plants which grow in water. 4. The practice of minimum tillage often produces good results. 5. Such practice results in much higher yields. 6. Every farmer knows that he must plant seeds in a well prepared seedbed. 7. This plant requires a long frost-free period. 8. We use this method for increasing food production. 9. The use of legumes for food is well known. 10. Our aim is to increase yields of the main crops. 11. This crop yields better when fertilizers are applied.
роль чтения и перевода текста А.
Задание на дом № 2
XI. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на: due, due
to, to be due to.
1. This soil has been improved due to the growing of legumes. 2. The seedbed should be prepared at the due time. 3. The increase in yield was due to the proper management of the soil. 4. Seed should be sown at the due depth. 5. Losses of nutrients from the soil may be due to different factors. 6. Due to mechanization the work on the farm has become much more effective.
XII. Найдите в тексте существительные, соответствующие
следующим глаголам и прилагательным:
to yield, to plant, enviromental, to grow, to absorb, to harrow, to prepare, important, moist, to germinate, to loss.
XIII. Переведите на русский язык (письменно):
а) 1. Хорошая пашня так же важна для получения высоких урожаев, как и хорошие семена. 2. Семена нужно сажать на соответствующую глубину. 3. Культивация почвы сохраняет ее структуру и уменьшает потери влаги-
вследствие испарения. 4. Первые операции по обработке почвы производятся либо осенью, либо ранней весной. 5. Для сохранения почвенной влаги посадка должна следовать сразу за подготовкой пашни. 6. Если климатические условия неблагоприятные, хорошая пашня не обеспечит высоких урожаев.
б) 1. Хорошо приготовленная пашня имеет очень большое значение для получения хороших всходов. 2. Хорошая пашня обеспечивает влагу, которая необходима для быстрого прорастания. 3. Обработка почвы перед посевом позволяет сохранить почвенную структуру и
уменьшить потери воды вследствие испарения. 4. Первая
операция по подготовке пашни — это заделка в почву
растительных остатков. 5. Иногда культивация должна быть достаточно глубокой, чтобы уничтожить сорняки. 6. При выращивании кормовых трав почва обычно прикатывается для получения плотной пашни. 7. Чтобы сохранить влагу, сразу за подготовкой пашни должна следовать посадка. 8. Если мало кислорода и температура воздуха слишком низкая, семена не будут нормально прорастать даже на хорошей пашне.
XIV. Выполните лабораторную работу № 2.
АУДИТОРНАЯ РАБОТА
XV. Проверка домашнего задания.
XVI. Найдите в русских предложениях эквиваленты английских слов и сочетаний:
due, due to, to be due to, to vary with, until, unless, to provide, provided, both, both... and.
1. Мы обеспечили все необходимые условия для нормального развития сеянцев.
2. Если растения не получают достаточного количества необходимых питательных веществ, они не могут хорошо развиваться.
3. Способ улучшения сортов картофеля, который мы выберем, зависит от конкретных условий.
4. Нельзя начинать посев до тех пор, пока почва не прогреется.
5. Оба наши комбайна нуждаются в ремонте.
6. Все операции были проведены в должной последовательности.
7. Если такая сухая погода продержится долго, урожай может пострадать.
8.Большие потери зерна объясняются сильным полеганием.
9. Структура почвы несколько улучшилась благодаря правильной обработке.
10. Для получения хороших всходов необходима как хорошо подготовленная пашня, так и высококачественный посевной материал.
XVII. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту А.
1. Why is good seedbed necessary?
2. Is moisture required by germinating seeds?
3. What is cultivation done for?
4. Why is it recommended to cultivate the soil early in the season?
5. What should be done to conserve moisture?
6. Is a good seedbed the only factor providing proper germination of seed?
XVIИ Перечислите (по-английски) все известные вам операции по обработке почвы.
XIX. Прочтите текст В, не пользуясь словарем. Определите значение выделенных слов по контексту и по их сходству с соответствующими словами в русском языке.
Text В
TILLAGE
After seedbed preparation and the planting of the crop, the young plants start to grow in a few days. When row crops such as corn, soybeans, and cotton are grown, farmers have to cultivate to control weeds. Cultivation includes some tillage operations. One of the purposes of tillage is to maintain good soil tilth, that is the physical condition of the soil providing normal plant growth. A soil with a good tilth will be mellow, friable and easily worked.
These conditions are necessary for the roots to absorb nutrients, water and air needed for plant development.
Tillage at the due time and with the proper machines will produce desirable soil tilth. However, too much tillage in preparing the seedbed or cultivating crops may4 be undesirable.
Nowadays the traditional tillage practice is increasingly replaced by minimum tillage, its main advantages being better soil protection from erosion and lower soil com paction. Under minimum tillage the crop yield is usually as good as under traditional cultivation, while the number of operations is reduced. Farm equipment used now can prepare the soil, apply fertilizers, and plant the seed in one operation.
Vegetable and small fruits can sometimes be grown with no tillage after planting the crop, weeds being controlled with herbicides. Yields of potatoes, carrots and some other crops grown under such system are sometimes even higher than yields when cultivation is practised.
XX. а) Найдите в тексте В объяснение понятия «soil tilth»;
б) назовите (по русски) основные преимущества приема минимальной обработки почвы.
XXI. Исходя из содержания текста В, закончите следующие предложения.
1. When no tillage is practised, weeds are...
2. Under traditional cultivation yieds may be as high as under....
3. Minimum tillage better protects the soil from....
LESSON 11
ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА: 1. Функции инфинитива
(повторение).
2. No как определение.
3. Союз whether.
Задание на дом № 1
I. Проработайте в разделе «Грамматика и словообразование» §§ 12, 13, 14, 18.
II. В следующих предложениях определите, какую функцию выполняет инфинитив. Переведите предложения (устно).
1. The aim of our work is to prepare a sufficienty fine seedbed. 2. We spoke about new winterhardy crop varieties to be developed for northern regions. 3. To prepare a good seedbed we must use both disc and harrow on this soil. 4. To have sufficient amount of hay and silage we must grow forage crops on rather big areas. 5. Crops grown in this region should be frost-resistant in order to be able to withstand adverse effects of cold and windy weather. 6. As the weather was very hot and dry, the farmers had to irrigate the crop area. 7. For grasses to germinate more rapidly farmers have to add some manure to the soil. 8. This soil being low in organic matter, a lot of barnyard manure is to be applied. 9. The soils of our region are too acid to produce good stands of alfalfa. 10. Fertilizers to be applied should contain required amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. II. We do not grow enough forage crops on our farm to feed our livestock properly.
III. Найдите в тексте A:
1) все глаголы, имеющие значение долженствования (3-й абз.);
2) инфинитив в функции подлежащего (5-й абз.);
3) инфинитив в функции определения (5-й абз.);
4) независимый причастный оборот (предпоследний абз.).
IV. Сгруппируйте следующие слова по частям речи, обращая
внимание на суффикс:
fulfilment, clearly, wider, harvester, sandy, principal, realize, reproductive, bulky, famous, supplier, helpless, manager, unavailable, cultivator, usefulness, picture, association, darkness, difference, probability, originate, remarkable, physisist, composition, insufficient.
V. Переведите текст А (устно).
Text A
CULTURAL PRACTICES
There are many ways in which the yield can be affected by management of a crop.
No crop will grow! well unless it gets a good start in a suitable seedbed. The seedbed must be either fine or coarse, it must have fine soil at the depth where the seed is to be sown, and it should be moist. Different crops require different seedbed.
Sowing a crop must be done properly. The seed is to be drilled in at the right depth, depending on the size of the seed and the season. Generally the smaller the seed the closer it has to be sown to the surface. The time of sowing the crop depends on the length of the growing season and of the variety chosen, as well as on the moisture conditions. The sowing rate must be lower in dry areas with no rain for long periods. In such areas plants compete strongly for soil water, and irrigation should be done to obtain higher yields. The soil being rich nutrients, the rate of sowing may be increased. This factor is of great importance, for too thick or too thin sowing will lower grain production.
Proper cultivation of a crop is often essential if the highest yield is to be obtained, and the main reason of cultivation is to kill weeds when they are young.
To harvest a crop at a proper time is also one of the conditions greatly affecting the crop production. However, before fixing the time for harvesting we should know, whether the crop is to be used for hay or for silage. Crops to be harvested for silage must be cut when they are bulky and still succulent. Crops used for hay are usually cut before they set seed. As to grain crops, they should not be harvested until the grain is mature, and hot dry weather is usually the best for grain harvests.
Mechanical harvesting helps the farmers to harvest field crops while they are in peak condition, more timely harvest reducing the risk of bad weather causing a loss in quantity and quality. For modern harvesting equipment to be of greater effect, crop varieties better adapted to mechanical harvesting have been developed. They are more uniform in height and ripen more evenly. Also crops with shorter growing season are being developed. Some grain varieties do not shatter easily as they are cut with modern harvesters.
The problem of chosing proper soil management practices is highly essential-as it not only affects the yield, but also maintains high fertility level, prevents soil erosion, and improves soil structure.
Пояснения к тексту
1) no crop will grow — никакая культура не будет расти.
Лексический минимум к тексту А
to drill, dry, equipment, to cut (cut, cut), management, to ripen, silage, to shatter, hot, thick sowing, thin sowing, to cause, to compete, close, to get (got, got), to prevent, suitable, no, weather, whether.
АУДИТОРНАЯ РАБОТА
VI. Выборочная проверка упражнений из задания на дом № 1.
VII. Назовите номера предложений, при переводе которых перед инфинитивом нужно употребить:
а) чтобы, б) который.
1. Small seeds are to be sown close to the soil surface. 2. To increase yields in dry areas with long rainless periods irrigation is to be used. 3. Crops to be harvested mechanically should be uniform in height. 4. Proper soil management practices should be applied to maintain soil.fertility and prevent erosion. 5. To get a good start in a proper seedbed is of great importance for the plant to develop normaly. 6. The sowing rate to be followed varies with soil and climatic conditions of the area. 7. Our aim is to develop new varieties better adapted to dry conditions. 8. The weather is too bad to begin harvesting. 9. We have to delay harvesting these crops because of the grain being still immature. 10. Crops to be used for hay are to be cut before they set seed. 11. The main reason of some tillage operations is to kill weeds. 12. In order to harvest all the field crops at the due time we must use modern harvesting equipment.
VIII. Переведите следующие группы слов (устно):
1) the crop is to be harvested…; 2) the crop to be harvested…; 3) the crop is harvested…; 4) the crop harvested last week… 5) the crop has been harvested...; 6) the crop has to be harvested.
IX. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на союз
whether.
1. Before using harvesters we must find out whether the crops to be cut are adapted to mechanical harvesting. 2. Choosing the time for harvesting, one should know whether
the crop is grown for silage or for hay. 3. It cannot be said now whether the weather tomorrow will be suitable for working in the field. 4. We should ask the agronomist whether the new method is as effective as the old one.
X. Переведите следующие сочетания слов:
weather conditions; soil management practices; grain crop varieties; high soil fertility; higher soil fertility; the highest soil fertility; more fertilizers; much more fertilizers: less fertilizers; more useful practice; the most useful practice.
XI. Найдите место в тексте А, где говорится о примущствах механизированной уборки.
XII. Контроль чтения и перевода текста А.
Задание на дом № 2
XIII. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на раз-
личные значения for (устно):
1. Students worked on this farm for a month. 2. Seed must have enough moisture for germination. 3. This seed docs not germinate well, for the soil is not moist enough. 4. We could work in the field for some days, for the weather was too rainy for harvesting.
XIV. Переведите предложения, содержащие отрицательное местоимение nо.
1. No plant can grow without water. 2. There will be no germination if the soil is not warm enough. 3. Seed requires no light for its germination. 4. There has been no rain for 2 months.
XV. Найдите в тексте синонимы к выделенным словам:
the proper depth, to influence the yield, toneed, to be high in nutrients, at a due time, crops should be cut, in best condition, highly important.
XVI. Переведите на английский язык (письменно):
а) 1. Ни одна культура не будет расти, если она посеяна в плохую пашню. 2. Семена должны заделываться на соответствующую глубину. 3. Время и норма посева семя зависят от многих факторов. 4. Культуры должны быть
убраны вовремя. 5. Время уборки различно в зависимости от вида культуры. 6. Уборка машинами позволяет быстрее собрать урожай. 7. Не все сорта приспособлены для уборки машинами. 8. Применение правильных приемов обработки почвы помогает получить более высокие урожаи.
б) 1. Правильные приемы возделывания культур имеют большое значение. 2. Чем крупнее семена, тем глубже они должны заделываться. 3. Время посева зависит от состояния почвы и от длительности вегетационного периода культуры, которая должна быть посеяна. 4. Если почва содержит много питательных веществ, норма высева увеличивается. 5. Уборка должна производиться вовремя, при этом время уборки зависит от вида культуры. 6. Уборка машинами производится быстрее и позволяет сократить потери вследствие плохой погоды. 7. Чтобы получить хороший урожай, нужно применять соответствующие приемы обработки почвы.
XVII. Выполните лабораторную работу № 2.
АУДИТОРНАЯ РАБОТА
XVIII. Проверка домашнего задания.
XIX. Расположите вопросы в таком порядке, чтобы они
могли служить планом к тексту А, и ответьте на них.
1. Why are proper soil management practices important?
2. What does the proper time of sowing depend on?
3. Do different crops require the same kind of seedbed?
4. Is crop production affected by the time of harvesting?
5. Why is machanical harvesting used?
6. What does the sowing rate vary with?
XX. Прочтите текст В, не пользуясь словарем. Определите значение выделенных слов по контексту.
Text В
DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION
One way of drainage is the natural property of the soil to allow water to pass deeply into the ground. The ease with which water can pass through a soil is influenced by soil texture. The coarser the particles, the more rapidly the water passes through the soil. So, light sandy soils are more water permeable than heavy clays.
Another way is artificial (искусственное) drainage, that is the removal of water which is not needed in order to maintain correct balance of air and water in the soil. Good drainage makes a soil easier to cultivate and increases the feeding area for plant roots. A well drained soil will also have enough air for aerob ic bacteria to decompose organic matter into humus and so to provide food for the plant.
Where and when the supply of water is insufficient, irrigation is needed. There are two main sources of irrigation water: surface water and ground water. The former may be obtained from different rivers (реки) and other water reservoirs, while the latter is provided by the underground water stores.
The amount of water required for irrigation depends on a number of factors. These are the type of soil, the water deficit in the soil, the type of crop and its phase of growth. The irrigation requirement of a crop is not the same
throughout its growing period, most plants requiring larger quantities of water during the later periods of growth.
XXI. Найдите в первых двух абзацах текста В предложения, в которых говорится об основных способах осушения почвы.
XXII. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту В (по-английски).
1. When is drainage necessary?
2. When is irrigation necessary?
3. Do plants need the same amount of water during the growing season?
LESSON 12
ГРАММАТИКА И ЛЕКСИКА: 1. Сложное подлежащее.
2. ing-forms (повторение).
3. Особые случаи употребления пассивного залога (повторение).
4. any в утвердительном предложении.
Задание на дом № 1
I. Проработайте в разделе «Грамматика и словообразование» § 19.
II.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на сложное подлежащее (устно):
1.Legumes are known to improve soil fertility. 2. This soil has been found to be deficient in some plant nutrients. 3. This seedbed is believed to contain too much moisture. 4. The farm «Rassvet» was said to produce high quality cotton. 5. Alfalfa and clover are known to belong to forage crops. 6. This area was considered to be suitable for growing cereals. 7. Our farm
is expected to produce high yield of rye this year. 8. He is thought to become an experienced agronomist in some years.
III. Найдите в тексте A:
1) сложное подлежащее (3-й абзац);
2) инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели (3-й абзац);
3) инфинитив в функции подлежащего (3-й абзац);
4) независимый причастный оборот (4-й абзац).
IV. а) Определите по суффиксам, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова:
1) application, applicable, applied, applying;
2) nitrogen, nitrogenous;
3) phosphorus, phosphatic;
4) effect, effective, effectively, effectiveness;
5) soluble, solubility;
6) mixture, mixed, mixing.
б) Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих слов с отрицательными префиксами: unnecessary, insufficient, immature, irregular, ineffective, irrational, unplowed.
V. Переведите текст А (устно).
Text A
FERTILIZERS AND THEIR APPLICATION
As crops are known to remove nutrients from the soil, the latter may become deficient in some elements. Application of commercial fertilizers is to improve soil fertility and to ensure better quality of the crops to be grown.
Fertilizers are usually classified according to the food element which forms their main constituent.. So, they may be
grouped as nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphoric fertilizers, potassic fertilizers and so on.
To be effective, fertilizers should be applied where and when the plant needs them. Single yearly applications were found to be insufficient for some crops, being unnecessary for others. Young growing plants should not be given concentrated, highly soluble fertilizers because of salt injury. To make repeated applications throughout the season is of great use in case of perennials or long-season annuals.
There are various methods of fertilization. Broadcast application means spreading the material uniformly over the soil surface, usually before the crop is planted. Sometimes the fertilizer is placed directly over the growing crop, which2 is known as top dressing. When plants arc subject to injury fertilizers can be put alongside the plants as a side-dressing, the latter being often made along with cultivation.
Sometimes a mixed fertilizer containing two or more fertilizer elements is to be applied, the time of placement being highly essential. Mixtures with low amount of nitrogen are usually applied to the soil before or during planting, followed by a top dressing or side-dressing with a liquid or granulated nitrogen fertilizer. Winter cereals usually receive a top dressing in spring. Row crops, such as corn, receive a side dressing after the plants made some growth. With many crops nitrogen is applied several times during the growing season because it is known to be subject to leaching and conversion to unavailable forms. But one should not forget that too much nitrogen tends to cause lodging, late maturity, poor seed development in some crops, and greater susceptibility to certain diseases. Phosphatic fertilizers are considered to be most effective when they are applied before the crop is sown, so that they can be worked into3 the soil and be evenly distributed by plowing. Lime used to correct soil acidity can In- applied at any time of the year and to a crop at any stage of growth.
Пояснения к тексту
1) and so on — и так далее;
2) which... что (обычно which после запятой соответствует в русском языке слову «что»);
3) to work into — заделывать (удобрения).
Запомните
any любой (в утвердительных предложениях).
Лексический минимум к тексту А commercial fertilizers, broadcast application, top dressing, side dressing, lime, mixture, to place, to distribute, injury, to spread (spread, spread), stage, susceptibility, to become (became, become), certain, to consider, to receive, to mean, several, to tend, any, and so on, so that.
АУДИТОРНАЯ РАБОТА
VI. Выборочная проверка упражнени