1. Man, nature, transport... What is for which and which is for whom? Who is to gain or to lose? Interest in these problems had extended beyond the specialist to the millions of men interested in the problems that have come with development. Everyone rides on some vehicle every day, of course, but besides this, in modern society transport reflects some of the main problems of society—the big city, energy problems (in developed countries about a quarter of the power output is consumed by transport), raw materials (a million cars require up to a million tons of steel, 50 thousand tons of glass and 100 thousand tons of rubber). Finally there are the problems of the distribution of manpower resources (about a fifth of the employed population in developed countries work directly or indirectly in transport), and ecology (transport is largely responsible for pollution).
2, So far transport research has given no exact definition of transport's place in modern society. To get to the root of the transport problems one must begin by understanding what society needs transport for. This seemingly simple question has never been fully answered. Yet an answer we must have, if we are to solve the overall transport problem or even the problems involved in developing one or another system.
Now an analysis of the social role of road transport has made it possible to see the main trends of its development and to forecast the consequences. The development of road transport has called for controlled technological progress, for subordinating the technical aspects of transport to the harmonious development of transport, for a balanced combination of private and public transport.
3. The fact, though at first glance insignificant, that in public transport people learn to be considerate to each other (in Soviet public transport, for instance, passengers db not smoke, the young give up their seats to the elderly, etc.) is very important in the development of society—indeed, it helps to сreate a more friendly atmosphere.
The fast growing transport systems call for still higher costs, and it is essential that technological progress in transport should eventually coordinate the society's transport needs with its, materials and manpower resources.
An unbalanced development of transport may lead to a situation where the economic benefits in agriculture and industry are largely swallowed by high transport costs. Therefore, unbalanced developments of both individual types of transport and public transport system may restrict their relative efficiency.
4. In modern society transport has grown from a weak child into a giant whose habits are hard to live with. Everyone wants to reach a place comfortably and fast. Today even transport engineers have user interest in transport. This is quite natural, but one must remember that the development of speed and comfort in transport can become a difficult problem—current steep rise in business, tourist and other journeys -result in transport indiscipline. '
5. We are hearing more and more about the evil by-products of the car—road accidents, smog and so on. People wonder how to control the killer aspects of the car. More effective use of scientific and technological achievements could help here. At present about 50 per cent of the achievements in the years past are used in aviation, and only 10 per cent in road transport.
6. Road transport is receiving very close attention in the USSR. The USSR is fast becoming a leading car producer. One feature of the Soviet motor industry is uniformity. Maintenance, repairs and spares supplies etc., are made much easier by a highly standardized fleet of cars. Road passenger transport is playing an extremely important part in the country's life now; it brings town facilities to the village, and improves the standard and quality of life. Every Soviet city with more than 60 thousand inhabitants has bus services. Altogether, more than 35 million people travel by bus every day. Our country leads the world in the output of buses. This is the result, of socialist policy of public transport first. But 'the number of private cars is also growing.
7. To work out a sound transport poIicy one must first work out the theory on the functioning of the modern transport systems, practical application of which can make, transport really controllable. Road passenger transport is playing an extremely important part in the country's life now in our world.
All this is of prime importance for the USSR whose vast territory and enormous scale of production require a colossal transport system.
Задание lll. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:
1. What makes transport problems important to everybody? (1) 2. What are the most important social problems Connected with the car? (1) 3. What has the development of road transport demanded? (2) 4. What may an unbalanced development of transport lead to? (3) 5. What does the increase of different journeys result in? (4) 6. What are the negative aspects of the motor transport? (5) 7. What factor makes the service of fleet of cars in the USSR easier? (6) 8. What is the role of road passenger transport in improving the living standards in the country? (6) 9. What kind of public motor transport is most popular in the Soviet Union? (6) 10. What can make transport really controllable? (7) 11. What makes road transport problems most important for the USSR? (7)
Задание IV. Выполните данные ниже задания к тексту.
1. What does the author mean writing: "...in modern society transport reflects some of the main problems of society. 2. The author writes that the question what the society needs transport for has never been fully answered. Sum up the main aims transport is used for in modern society. 3. The author writes: "People wonder how to control the killer aspects of the car." What aspects are meant? Give your examples. 4. "Road passenger transport is playing an extremely important part in the country's life." Give examples.
Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие словосочетания:
to avoid water pollution; to avoid an accident; to consume much fuel; to restrict fuel consumption; to restrict water supply; to use the by-products; to ride very carefully; to ride fast; an exact definition; to remember the definition by heart; beyond the river; beyond one's understanding; beyond his power; to reflect one's thoughts; to see one's reflection in the water; in a quarter of an hour; the increase of the output; the theory of relativity; to use plastics instead of glass; glass breaks easily; the agreement was finally reached; the method employed in final operation; the accident was largely due to the driver's carelessness; to become a highly educated person; rubber boots; spare room; necessary spares for tractors; not yet reliable; to be responsible for the organization of tests; air pollution problem; to be involved in the discussion; to climb a steep mountain; to furnish necessary data; the uniformity of requirements; the uniformity of traffic regulations in all the cities of the USSR; an improved maintenance of cars; the consequences of the accident; the new trends in the industrial development; to forecast the weather correctly; a wrong forecast; to call for quick action; vast oil fields; a sound economy policy; benefits of the socialist economy; benefits of public transport; the efficiency of the motor; to be highly efficient; the car damage resulted from careless driving; to result in the uniformity of motor industry
Упражнение 6. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами.
steep rubber spare beyond involves avoid
output pollution private ride forecast by-product
quarter maintenance vast
1.As it was growing dark the tourists decided to spend the night in the village which was... the river. 2. During the... along the mountainous roads the tourists enjoyed the sights. 3. The Kremlin tower clock strikes every... of an hour, 4. The Soviet Union is the leading country in the... of buses. 5. The life of the car depends largely on the... which must be performed by skilled mechanics in due time. 6. Tyres are made of..., which is required in great quantities for car manufacture. 7. The Stirling engine which first appeared more than 150 years ago... external combustion as in the case of a steam engine. Fuel is burned completely outside the cylinders. 8. Few countries are as heavily polluted as Japan. According to the official estimation more than one third of the urban population has suffered from some form of... in the past five years. 9. According to the weather... it will be sunny and warm during the next two days. 10. The mountain was so... that only five men from the tourist group, the strongest and most experienced ones, continued the climbing. 11. An efficient transport system is of great importance for the USSR because of its... territory and enormous scale of production. 12. Repairs and supplies of... parts have become much easier because of a highly standardized fleet of cars. 13. Only a very experienced driver could.,. accident in such bad weather and road conditions. 14. The... of combustion consists of carbon dioxide, water and additives. 15. Though the number of... cars is growing in out country, the development of publtransportcontinues to be of prime importance.
- Упражнение 7. Назовите слова, от которых образованы следующие производные слова и переведите их: - finally, largely, consumption, reflection, rubberized, responsibility, definition, involvement, uniformity, benefitial, restriction, relatively, efficiency, application
Упражнение 8. Выберите соответствующий перевод следующих английских слов.
1. application—применять; применение; примененный 2. consumption — потребление; потреблять; потребляющий 3. definition — определение; определять; определяющий 4. efficiency — эффективный; эффективность; давать эффект 5. eventually—конечный; в конечном итоге; конец 6. involvement — вовлекать; вовлечение; вовлекающий 7. pollution — загрязнять; загрязнение; загрязняющий 8. privately — частным образом; частный; частность 9. reflection — отражающий; отражать; отражение 10. relatively — относительно; относительность; отношение 11. responsibility — ответственность; ответственный; отвечать
9. Заполните пропуски соответствующими однокорневыми словами.
1.reflect, reflection, reflector, reflective 1. Mirrors... the rays of the sun. 2. He saw his... in the mirror. 3. Mirror served as a... of the rays of the sun. 4. Mirror reflects the rays of the sun owing to its... qualities. 2. consumes, consumption, consumer 1. The engine... little fuel. 2. The... of fuel was low. 3. Motor industry is a great... of fuel. 4. The work on the project... almost all his time. final, finally 1. We don't yet know the... results. 2.... the consumption of fuel was decreased". 3.... they agreed to oui terms. employed, unemployment, employer, employs 1. He was... as a clerk. 2. His... gave him a difficult task. 3. The workers in capitalist countries suffer from....4. The firm... mathematicians of highest qualification. responsible, responsibility 1, He was always a most... person. 2. He was one of the three people... for the operation. 3. Everything was done upon his.... defined, definition 1. Nobody of those present knew how this physical phenomenon could be....2. The... given in the old texbook was wrong. uniform, uniformity, uniformly 1. All pieces of metal were of... size. 2. Temperature conditions in both chambers were....3. The girls were... dressed in white. 4.... of conditions in both chambers was kept up by special devices.
eventual, eventually 1. Such were the... conclusions of the committee. 2..., they all came to the same conclusion. benefits, beneficial I. They studied all possible... of the system, 2. The climate has a... effect on him. 3. Science and technological progress gives a lot of... to national economy. restricted, restrictions, restrictive 1. The consumption of energy should be....2. The speed of motor cars on the country's roads was.... 3. There were introduced the... on full consumption. 4. Certain... measures were introduced. relative, relatively, relativity, relation 1. It was a... easy task. 2. Einstein's theory established the... of time and space. 3. He tried to establish the... between these two groups of factors. 4. The speed of the comet... to the earth was great., efficient, efficiently, efficiency 1. He is very... in his work. 2. The work was being carried, out most....3. The... of the new method was proved beyond doubt.