Shakespeare. Sonnet 1-3 (Translated into Russian by S. Marshak)
The Infinitive
| № | Early New English sentence | Modern English translation | Form of the infinitive | Function of the infinitive | Russian translation | Transformation technique |
| 1. | From faireſt creatures we deſire increaſe, That thereby beauties Roſe might neuer die, | From fairest creatures we desire increase*, That thereby beauty's rose might never die**, | Indefinite Active | * Direct object ** Part of a compound verbal predicate | Мы урожая* ждем от лучших лоз, Чтоб красота жила, не увядая**. | * Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Noun. Lexical. Modulation. ** Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Participle I, Indefinite Active. The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Part of a compound verbal predicate→ Adverbial modifier of manner |
| 2. | But as the riper ſhould by time deceaſe*, His tender heire might beare** his memory | But as the riper should by time decease*, His tender heir might bear** his memory: | * Indefinite Active ** Indefinite Active | * Part of a compound verbal predicate ** Part of a compound verbal predicate | Пусть вянут* лепестки созревших роз, Хранит** их память роза молодая. | * Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Finite verb form ** Lexical. Modulation. Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Finite verb form. |
| 3. | Pitty the world, or elſe this glutton be, To eate the worlds due, by the graue and thee. | Pity the world, or else this glutton be, To eat the world's due, by the grave and thee. | Indefinite Active | Adverbial modifier of purpose | Жалея мир, земле не предавай Грядущих лет прекрасный урожай! | Omission. To eatis omitted in the translation |
| 4. | When fortie Winters ſhall beſeige thy brow, And digge deep trenches in thy beauties field, | When forty winters shall besiege thy brow, And dig deep trenches in thy beauty's field, | Indefinite Active | Part of a compound verbal predicate | Когда твое чело избороздятГлубокими следами сорок зим, | Lexical Modulation. |
| 5. | Thy youthes proud liuery so gaz’d on now, Wil be a totter’d weed of ſmal worth held: | Thy youth's proud livery, so gazed on now, Will be a tatter'd weed, of small worth held: | Indefinite Active | Part of a compound verbal predicate | Кто будет помнить царственный наряд,Гнушаясь жалким рубищем твоим? | Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Participle I, Indefinite Active. The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Part of a compound verbal predicate→ Adverbial modifier of manner Lexical. Concretization. |
| 6. | Then being askt, where all thy beautie lies, Where all the treaſure of thy luſty daies; Toſay within thine owne deepe ſunken eyes, Were an all-eating ſhame, and thriftleſſe praiſe. | Then being ask'd where all thy beauty lies, Where all the treasure of thy lusty days; Tosay, within thine own deep-sunken eyes, Were an all-eating shame and thriftless praise. | Indefinite Active | Parenthesis | И на вопрос: "Где прячутся сейчасОстатки красоты веселых лет?" -Что скажешьты? На дне угасших глаз?Но злой насмешкой будет твой ответ. | Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Noun. The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Parenthesis→ Subject |
| 7. | If thou couldſt unſwere* this faire child of mine Shall ſum** my count, and make*** my old excuſe Proouing his beautie by ſucceſſion thine. | If thou couldst answer* 'This fair child of mine Shall sum** my count and make*** my old excuse,' Proving his beauty by succession thine! | * Indefinite Active ** Indefinite Active *** Indefinite Active | * Part of a compound verbal predicate ** Part of a compound verbal predicate *** Part of a compound verbal predicate | Достойней прозвучали* бы слова:"Вы посмотрите на моих детей.Моя былая свежесть в них жива**,В них оправданье*** старости моей". | * Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Finite verb form. Lexical. Modulation. ** Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Adjective. Lexical. Modulation. *** Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Noun. The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Part of a compound verbal predicate→ Object |
| 8. | This were to be new made when thou art ould, And ſee thy blood warme when thou feel’ſt it could. | This were to be new made when thou art old, And see thy blood warm when thou feel'st it cold. | Indefinite Passive | Predicative | Пускай с годами стынущая кровьВ наследнике твоем пылает вновь! | Omission. To be made is omitted in the translation. |
| 9. | Now is the time that face ſhould forme an other, Whoſe freſh repaire if now thou not reneweſt, Thou doo’ſt beguile the world, vnbleſſe ſome mother. | Now is the time that face should form another; Whose fresh repair if now thou not renewest, Thou dost beguile the world, unbless some mother, | Indefinite Active | Part of a compound verbal predicate | И, если повторить не поспешишьСвои черты, природу ты обидишь,Благословенья женщину лишишь. | Grammatical. The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Part of a compound verbal predicate→ Object Lexical. Modulation. |
| 10. | Or who is he ſo fond will be the tombe, Of his ſelfe loue to ſtop poſterity? | Or who is he so fond will be* the tomb Of his self-love, to stop** posterity? | * Indefinite Active ** Indefinite Active | * Part of a compound verbal predicate ** Attribute | Или бессмертия тебе не надо, -Так велика к себе твоя любовь? | Omission. To be and to stop are omitted in the translation. |
| 11. | So thou through windowes of thine age ſhalt ſee, Diſpight of wrinkles this thy goulden time. | So thou through windows of thine age shall see Despite of wrinkles this thy golden time. | Indefinite Active | Part of a compound verbal predicate | И ты найдешь под, старость утешеньеВ таких же окнах юности твоей. | 100 % coincidence |
| 12. | But if thou liue remembred not to be, Die ſingle and thine image dies with thee. | But if thou live, remember'dnot to be, Die single, and thine image dies with thee. | Indefinite Passive | Attribute | Но, ограничив жизнь своей судьбою,Ты сам умрешь, и образ твой - с тобою. | Omission on the basis of modulation. |
Cases of the infinitive
We can see that the translator used grammatical, lexical techniques, 100%- coincidences, both grammatical and lexical techniques simultaneously to translate the infinitive from English into Russian. According to Diagram 1.1.1 lexical transformation is the most frequent among the transformation technique. 35 % of the Infinitives were translated into Russian with the help of this transformation. Both grammatical and lexical transformations take place in 35% of cases. 23% of the Infinitives were translated with the help of grammatical transformation. 7% of the Infinitives are translated with exact match. Thus, we can say that the translator aimed at preserving the poetical form of Chaucer's book.
The author used two forms of the Infinitive – Infinitive Active and Infinitive Passive (88 % of cases of Indefinite Active, 12 % of cases of Indefinite Passive)
The most frequent function of the Infinitive is Part of a compound verbal predicate – 65% of cases
According to Diagram 1.1.2 noun and finite verb form are the most frequent parts of speech used to translate the Infinitive from English into Russian. (35 % of cases both)
Diagram 1.1.1
I. Grammatical – 23%
II. Lexical – 35%
III. 100% coincidence – 7%
IV. Grammatical and lexical – 35%
Diagram 1.1.2
I. Noun – 35%
II. Participle I, Indefinite Active – 20%
III. Finite verb form – 35%
IV. Adjective – 10%
The Participle
| № | The Early New English sentence | The Modern English translation | The form of the participle | The function of the participle | The Russian translation | The transformation technique |
| 1. | Feed’ſt thy lights flame with ſelfe ſubſtantiall fewell, Making a famine where aboundance lies, | Feed'st thy light's flame with self-substantial fuel, Makinga famine where abundance lies, | Participle I, Indefinite Active | Adverbial modifier of manner | Все лучшие ей отдавая соки, Обилье прев-ращаешь в нищету, - | Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Participle I, Indefinite Active → Finite verb form The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Adverbial modifier of manner→ Predicate |
| 2. | Thy youthes proud liuery so gaz’d on now, Wil be a totter’d weed of ſmal worth held: | Thy youth's proud livery, so gazed* on now, Will be a tatter'd** weed, of small worth held***: | * Participle II ** Participle II *** Participle II | * Attribute ** Attribute *** Attribute | Кто будет помнить царствен-ный наряд,Гнушаясь жалким рубищем твоим? | * Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Participle II → Adjective Lexical. Modulation. ** Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Participle II →Noun The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Attribute→ Object. |
| 3. | Then being askt, where all thy beautie lies, Where all the treaſure of thy luſty daies; | Then being ask'd where all thy beauty lies, Where all the treasure of thy lusty days; | Participle I, Indefinite Passive | Adverbial modifier of manner | И на вопрос: "Где прячутся сейчасОстатки красоты веселых лет?" - | Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Participle I, Indefinite Passive →Noun The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Adverbial modifier of manner→ Indirect object |
| 4. | To ſay within thine owne deepe ſunken eyes, | To say, within thine own deep-sunken eyes, | Participle II | Attribute | Что скажешь ты? На дне угасших глаз? | 100 % coincidence |
| 5. | If thou couldſt unſwere this faire child of mine Shall ſum my count, and make my old excuſe Proouing his beautie by ſucceſſion thine. | If thou couldst answer 'This fair child of mine Shall sum my count and make my old excuse,' Proving his beauty by succession thine! | Participle I, Indefinite Active | Adverbial modifier of manner | Достойней прозвучали бы слова:"Вы посмотрите на моих детей.Моя былая свежесть в них жива, В них оправданье старости моей". | Omission on the basis of modulation and concretization. Proving is omitted in the translation. |
| 6. | For where is ſhe ſo faire whoſe vn-eard wombe Diſdaines the tillage of thy husbandry? | For where is she so fair whose unear'dwomb Disdains the tillage of thy husbandry? | Participle II | Attribute | Какая смертная не будет радаОтдать тебе нетронутую новь? | 100 % coincidence |
| 7. | But if thou liue remembred not to be, Die ſingle and thine image dies with thee. | But if thou live, remember'd not to be, Die single, and thine image dies with thee. | Participle II | Adverbial modifier of manner | Но, ограничив жизнь своей судьбою,Ты сам умрешь, и образ твой - с тобою. | Omission. |
Cases of the participle
We can see that the translator used grammatical, lexical techniques, 100%- coincidences, both grammatical and lexical techniques simultaneously to translate the Participle from English into Russian. According to Diagram 1.2.1 grammatical transformation is the most frequent among the transformation technique (40 per cent). Lexical and 100% coincidences take place in 30 % of cases.
The Participle is used in the function of Adverbial modifier of manner and Attribute (50 per cent of cases both). The Participle I, Indefinite Active, Participle I, Indefinite Passive and Participle II are used by the author. (Participle I, Indefinite Active - 20%, Participle I, Indefinite Passive – 10 %, Participle II – 70%)
According to Diagram 1.1.2 noun is the most frequent part of speech used to translate the Participle from English into Russian (50 % of cases). Finite verb form and Adjective take place in 25 % of cases.
Diagram 1.2.1
I. Grammatical – 40%
II. Lexical – 30%
III. 100% coincidence – 30%
IV. Lexical and Grammatical – 10%
Diagram 1.2.2
I. Finite verb form – 25%
II. Adjective – 25%
III. Noun – 50%
The Gerund
| № | The Early New English sentence | The Modern English translation | The form of the gerund | The function of the gerund | The Russian translation | The transformation technique |
| 1. | Within thine owne bud burieſt thy content, And tender chorle makſt waſt in niggarding: | Within thine own bud buriest thy content And, tender churl, makest waste in niggarding. | Indefinite Active | Object | Грядущее в зачатке хороня, Соединяешь скаредность с растратой | Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Gerund →Noun |
Case of the gerund
We can see that the translator used grammatical transformation techniques to translate the gerund from English into Russian. The gerund was used in the function of Object and in the form of Indefinite Active. According to Diagram 1.3.2 noun is the most frequent part of speech used to translate the gerund from English into Russian.
Diagram 1.3.1
I. Grammatical. The replacement of a part of speech – 100%
Diagram 1.3.2
I. Noun – 100%
Shakespeare. Sonnet 1-3 (Translated into Russian by A. Finkel)
The Infinitive
| № | The Early New English sentence | The Modern English translation | The form of the infinitive | The function of the infinitive | The Russian translation | The transformation technique |
| 1. | From faireſt creatures we deſire increaſe, That thereby beauties Roſe might neuer die, | From fairest creatures we desire increase, That thereby beauty's rose might never die, | Indefinite Active | * Object ** Part of a compound verbal predicate | От всех творений мы потомства* ждем, Чтоб роза красоты не увядала**, | * Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Noun. Lexical. Modulation. ** Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Finite verb form. |
| 2. | But as the riper ſhould by time deceaſe*, His tender heire might beare** his memory | But as the riper should by time decease*, His tender heir might bear** his memory: | * Indefinite Active ** Indefinite Active | * Part of a compound verbal predicate ** Part of a compound verbal predicate | Чтобы, налившись зрелостью, потом В наследниках себя бы продолжала. | * Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ So-called деепричастие. The replacement of the doer of action. Lexical. Modulation. ** Lexical. Modulation. Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Finite verb form. |
| 3. | Pitty the world, or elſe this glutton be, To eate the worlds due, by the graue and thee. | Pity the world, or else this glutton be, To eat the world's due, by the grave and thee. | Indefinite Active | Adverbial modifier of purpose | Жалея мир, грабителем не стань И должную ему отдайты дань. | Lexical. Modulation. Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Finite verb form. |
| 4. | When fortie Winters ſhall beſiege thy brow, And digge deep trenches in thy beauties field, | When forty winters shall besiege thy brow, And dig deep trenches in thy beauty's field, | Indefinite Active | Part of a compound verbal predicate | Когда тебя осадят сорок зим, На лбу твоем траншей пророют ряд, | Grammatical. Restructuring of the sentence. Analytical verb form→ Syntactical verb form |
| 5. | Thy youthes proud liuery so gaz’d on now, Wil be a totter’d weed of ſmal worth held: | Thy youth's proud livery, so gazed on now, Will be a tatter'd weed, of small worth held: | Indefinite Active | Part of a compound verbal predicate | Истреплется, метелями гоним, Твоей весны пленительный наряд. | Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Finite verb form. Lexical. Concretization. |
| 6. | Then being askt, where all thy beautie lies, Where all the treaſure of thy luſty daies; Toſay within thine owne deepe ſunken eyes, Were an all-eating ſhame, and thriftleſſe praiſe. | Then being ask'd where all thy beauty lies, Where all the treasure of thy lusty days; Tosay, within thine own deep-sunken eyes, Were an all-eating shame and thriftless praise. | Indefinite Active | Parenthesis | И если спросят: "Где веселых дней Сокровища и где твой юный цвет?" Не говори: "В глуби моих очей" - Постыден и хвастлив такой ответ. | Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Finite verb form. The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Parenthesis → Predicate Lexical. Antonymic translation. |
| 7. | If thou couldſt unſwere* this faire child of mine Shall ſum** my count, and make*** my old excuſe Proouing his beautie by ſucceſſion thine. | If thou couldst answer* 'This fair child of mine Shall sum** my count and make*** my old excuse,' Proving his beauty by succession thine! | * Indefinite Active ** Indefinite Active *** Indefinite Active | * Part of a compound verbal predicate ** Part of a compound verbal predicate *** Part of a compound verbal predicate | Когда б ответил*: "Вот ребенок мой, Наследник всей отцовской красоты, Он счеты за меня сведет** с судьбой". | * Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Finite verb form. ** Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Finite verb form. *** Omission |
| 8. | This were to be new made when thou art ould, And ſee thy blood warme when thou feel’ſt it could. | This were to be new made when thou art old, And see thy blood warm when thou feel'st it cold. | Indefinite Passive | Predicative | С ним в старости помолодеешь вновь, Согреешь остывающую кровь. | Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Finite verb form. The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Predicative→ Predicate Lexical. Modulation |
| 9. | Now is the time that face ſhould forme an other, Whoſe freſh repaire if now thou not reneweſt, Thou doo’ſt beguile the world, vnbleſſe ſome mother. | Now is the time that face should form another; Whose fresh repair if now thou not renewest, Thou dost beguile the world, unbless some mother, | Indefinite Active | Part of a compound verbal predicate | Пора ему подобное создать. Когда себя не повторишь ты в нем, Обманешь свет, лишишь блаженства мать. | 100 % coincidence |
| 10. | Or who is he ſo fond will be the tombe, Of his ſelfe loue to ſtop poſterity? | Or who is he so fond will be* the tomb Of his self-love, to stop** posterity? | * Indefinite Active ** Indefinite Active | * Part of a compound verbal predicate ** Attribute | Своей могилой хочешь стать* за что, Любви своей в себе замкнувши круг? | * 100 % coincidence ** Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Infinitive→ Participle I, Indefinite Active The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Attribute→ Adverbial modifier of manner Lexical. Modulation. |
| 11. | So thou through windowes of thine age ſhalt ſee, Diſpight of wrinkles this thy goulden time. | So thou through windows of thine age shall see Despite of wrinkles this thy golden time. | Indefinite Active | Part of a compound verbal predicate | И сам сквозь окна старости своей Увидишь вновь своей весны черты. | 100 % coincidence |
| 12. | But if thou liue remembred not to be, Die ſingle and thine image dies with thee. | But if thou live, remember'd not to be, Die single, and thine image dies with thee. | Indefinite Active | Attribute | Но если ты живешь самим собой, Умрешь один - умрет и образ твой. | Omission |
Cases of the infinitive
We can see that the translator used grammatical, lexical techniques, 100%- coincidences, both grammatical and lexical techniques simultaneously to translate the infinitive from English into Russian. According to Diagram 2.1.1 both grammatical and lexical transformations are the most frequent among the transformation technique. 46 % of the Infinitives were translated into Russian with the help of this transformation. Grammatical transformations take place in 24% of cases. 18% of the Infinitives were translated with exact match. 12% of the Infinitives were translated with the help of lexical transformation. Thus, we can say that the translator aimed at preserving the poetical form of Chaucer's book.
According to Diagram 2.1.2 finite verb form is the most frequent part of speech used to translate the Infinitive from English into Russian. (80 % of cases)
Diagram 2.1.1
I. Grammatical -24%
II. Lexical – 12%
III. 100 % coincidence – 18%
IV. Grammatical and lexical – 46%
Diagram 2.1.2
I. Noun – 10%
II. Finite verb form – 80%
III. So-called «деепричастие» - 10%
The Participle
| № | The Early New English sentence | The Modern English translation | The form of the participle | The function of the participle | The Russian translation | The transformation technique |
| 1. | Feed’ſt thy lights flame with ſelfe ſubſtantiall fewell, Making a famine where aboundance lies, | Feed'st thy light's flame with self-substantial fuel, Makinga famine where abundance lies, | Participle I, Indefinite Active | Adverbial modifier of manner | Собой самим свое питаешь пламя, И там, где тук, ты голод сделал сам, | Grammatical. Morphological replacement. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Participle I, Indefinite Active → Finite verb form Syntactical. The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Adverbial modifier of manner→ Predicate |
| 2. | Thy youthes proud liuery so gaz’d on now, Wil be a totter’d weed of ſmal worth held: | Thy youth's proud livery, so gazed* on now, Will be a tatter'd** weed, of small worth held***: | * Participle II ** Participle II *** Participle II | * Attribute ** Attribute *** Attribute | Истреплется**, метелями гоним, Твоей весны пленитель-ный* наряд. | * Grammatical. Morphological replacement. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Participle II → Adjective Lexical. Modulation. ** Grammatical. Morphological replacement. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Participle II →Finite verb form Syntactical The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Attribute→ Predicate. *** Omission |
| 3. | Then being askt, where all thy beautie lies, Where all the treaſure of thy luſty daies; | Then being ask'd where all thy beauty lies, Where all the treasure of thy lusty days; | Participle I, Indefinite Passive | Adverbial modifier of manner | И если спросят: "Где веселых дней Сокровища и где твой юный цвет?" | Grammatical. Morphological replacement. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Participle II →Finite verb form Syntactical. The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Adverbial modifier of manner→ Predicate. |
| 4. | To ſay within thine owne deepe ſunken eyes, | To say, within thine own deep-sunken eyes, | Participle II | Attribute | Не говори: "В глуби моих очей" - | Grammatical. Morphological replacement. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Participle II →Noun Syntactical. The replace-ment перевод of the sentence transformation parts: Attribute→ Adverbial modifier of place. |
| 5. | If thou couldſt unſwere this faire child of mine Shall ſum my count, and make my old excuſe Proouing his beautie by ſucceſſion thine. | If thou couldst answer 'This fair child of mine Shall sum my count and make my old excuse,' Proving his beauty by succession thine! | Participle I, Indefinite Active | Adverbial modifier of manner | Когда б ответил: "Вот ребенок мой, Наследник всей отцовской красоты, Он счеты за меня сведет с судьбой". | Omission |
| 6. | For where is ſhe ſo faire whoſe vn-eard wombe Diſdaines the tillage of thy husbandry? | For where is she so fair whose unear'dwomb Disdains the tillage of thy husbandry? | Participle II | Attribute | Где лоно невозделан-ное то, Что оттолкнуло б дивный этот плуг? | Grammatical. Morphological replacement. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Participle II →Adjective |
| 7. | But if thou liue remembred not to be, Die ſingle and thine image dies with thee. | But if thou live, remember'd not to be, Die single, and thine image dies with thee. | Participle II | Adverbial modifier of manner | Но если ты живешь самим собой, Умрешь один - умрет и образ твой. | Grammatical. Morphological replacement. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Participle II →Pronoun Lexical. Modulation. |
Cases of the participle
We can see that the translator used grammatical, lexical techniques, 100%- coincidences, both grammatical and lexical techniques simultaneously to translate the participle from English into Russian. According to Diagram 2.2.1 grammatical transformations are the most frequent among the transformation technique. 50 % of the participles were translated with the help of this transformation technique. Lexical transformations and both lexical and grammatical transformations take place in 25% of cases. Thus, we can say that the translator aimed at preserving the poetical form of Chaucer's book.
According to Diagram 3.1.2 finite verb form is the most frequent part of speech used to translate the participle from English into Russian (43 % of cases). Adjective takes place in 29% of cases. Noun and Pronoun take place in 14 % of cases.
Diagram 2.2.1
I. Grammatical – 50%
II. Lexical – 25%
III. Grammatical and lexical – 25%
Diagram 2.2.2
I. Finite verb form – 43%
II. Adjective – 29%
III. Noun – 14%
IV. Pronoun – 14%
The Gerund
| № | The Early New English sentence | The Modern English translation | The form of the gerund | The function of the gerund | The Russian translation | The transformation technique |
| 1. | Within thine owne bud burieſt thy content, And tender chorle makſt waſt in niggarding: | Within thine own bud buriest thy content And, tender churl, makest waste in niggarding. | Indefinite Active | Object | Но сам себя в себе похоронив, От скупости беднеешь, скряга нежный. | Grammatical. The replace-ment century of a part of speech: Gerund →Noun |
Case of the gerund
We can see that the translator used grammatical transformation techniques to translate the gerund from English into Russian. The gerund was used in the function of Object and in the form of Indefinite Active. According to Diagram 2.3.2 noun is the most frequent part of speech used to translate the gerund from English into Russian.
Diagram 2.3.1
I. Grammatical. The morphological replacement – 100%
Diagram 2.3.2
I. Noun -100%