Mark the main ideas of the Text and retell it in English.

Text 1A. POSTGRADUATE DEGREES

Postgraduate education (or graduate education in North America) involves learning and studying for degrees or other qualifications for which a first or Bachelor’s degree is generally required. The organisation and structure of postgraduate education varies in different countries, and also in different institutions within countries.

In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows:

1. Masters degrees. These are sometimes placed in a further hierarchy, starting with degrees such as the Master of Arts and Master of Science, then Master of Philosophy, and finally Master of Letters. Many Master’s students will perform research culminating in a paper, presentation, and defence of their research. This is called the Master’s thesis.

2. Doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a PhD (Doctor of Philosophy). In the context of academic degrees, the term philosophy does not refer solely to the field of philosophy, but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is love of wisdom.

Many postgraduate programmes require students to pass one or several examinations in order to demonstrate their competence as scholars. In some departments, a comprehensive examination is often required in the first year, and is designed to test a student’s background undergraduate-level knowledge. Most postgraduate students perform teaching duties.

Doctoral programmes often require students to pass more examinations. Programmes often require a Qualifying Examination, a PhD Candidacy Examination, or a General Examination, designed to students’ grasp of a broad sample of their discipline, and/or one or several Special Field Examinations which test students in their narrower selected areas of specialty within the discipline. These exams must be passed to be allowed to proceed on to the thesis.

The criteria for award of Doctorates vary somewhat throughout the world, but typically require the submission of a substantial body of original research undertaken by the candidate. This may take the form of a single thesis or dissertation, and will usually be assessed by a small committee of examiners appointed by the university. Doctorates are awarded to students who have demonstrated:

- the creation and interpretation of new knowledge through original research of a quality to satisfy peer review, extend the forefront of the discipline, and merit publication;

- a systematic acquisition and understanding of a substantial body of knowledge which is at the forefront of an academic discipline or an area of professional practice;

- the general ability to conceptualise, design and implement a project for the generation of new knowledge, applications or understanding at the forefront of the discipline;

- a detailed understanding of applicable techniques for research and advanced academic enquiry.

In total, the typical Doctoral degree takes between three and eight years from entering the programme to completion, though this time varies depending upon the department, thesis topic, and many other factors.

Habilitation (lat. habilis — fit, proper, skilful) is the highest academic qualification a scholar can achieve by his or her own pursuit in several European and Asian countries. Earned after obtaining a research Doctorate, such as a PhD, habilitation requires the candidate to write a professorial thesis/dissertation (often known as a Habilitation thesis/dissertation) based upon independent scholarship, reviewed by and defended before an academic committee in a process similar to that for the doctoral dissertation. However, the level of scholarship has to be considerably higher than that required for a research doctoral (PhD) dissertation in terms of quality and quantity, and a Habilitation dissertation must be accomplished independently, in contrast with a PhD dissertation typically directed or guided by a faculty supervisor.

Habilitation qualification (Habil. Dr.) exists in France, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Bulgaria, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, Finland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia (Doktor nauk). Those who have achieved habilitation can denote the fact by placing the abbreviation Dr hab. or Dr habil. before their names.

Many post-Soviet countries, including Russian Federation, have a two-stage research degree obtaining path, generally similar to the doctorate system in Europe. The first stage is named Kandidat nauk (literal translation means Candidate of Sciences).

According to par. 262 International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) UNESCO 2011, for purposes of international educational statistics Candidate of Sciences is equivalent to Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree as awarded in many English-speaking countries. It allows its holders to reach the level of the Associate Professor (Docent). The Candidate of Sciences degree requires at least (and typically more than) three, four or five years of postgraduate research which is finished by defence of a dissertation or a thesis. Additionally, a seeker of the degree has to pass three examinations (a so-called Candidate minimum): in his/her special field, in a foreign language, and in the history and philosophy of science. After additional certification by the corresponding experts, the Candidate degree may be recognized internationally as an equivalent of PhD. The second stage is Doktor nauk (Doctor of Sciences). It requires many years of research experience and writing a second dissertation. The degrees of Candidate and Doctor of

Sciences are only awarded by the special governmental agency (Higher Attestation Commission). A university or a scientific institute where the thesis was defended can only recommend awarding a seeker the sought degree.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY LIST

graduate (from) ['graedjueit] v — окончить вуз; (AmE) окончить любое учеб­ное заведение; ['graedjuit] п — окончивший вуз; (AmE) выпускник или аспирант учебного заведения

undergraduate ['Anda.grsedjuit] п — студент вуза

postgraduate (student) [,paust'graed3uit] п adj — аспирант; аспирантский, от­носящийся к аспирантской подготовке

take a postgraduate course — учиться в аспирантуре postgraduate education — послевузовское образование degree [di'gri:] и — ученая степень, звание academic degree — научная степень Bachelor’s degree ['baetj(a)laz] — степень бакалавра Master’s degree ['ma:staz] — степень магистра

PhD degree [,pi:eitj’di:]; (sy«.) Doctoral degree ['dakt(a)ral]; Doctorate ['dakt(a) rit] — степень доктора

award a degree [a'wa:d] — присуждать степень earn a degree [э:п] — получить степень hold a degree — обладать степенью a degree holder — обладатель степени research [ri'sa:tj] n v — исследование, научно-исследовательская работа, изучение; исследовать, заниматься исследованиями

perform [pa'fa:m] I conduct [kan'dAkt] / do / undertake [,Anda'teik] I carry out research — проводить исследования / научно-исследовательскую работу, исследовать

thesis ['Oi:sis]; (syn.) dissertation [,disa'teif(a)n] n — диссертация defend a thesis I a dissertation [di'fend] — защитить диссертацию defence of one’s thesis / dissertation — защита диссертации science ['saians] n — наука; (собир.) естественные науки scientist ['saiantist] n — ученый (преим. в области точных наук) scholar ['skala] п — ученый [особ, в области гуманитарных наук) scholarship ['skalafip] п — ученость, образованность; стипендия proceed [pra'si:d] v — продолжать; приступать (к чему-л.) require [ri'kwaia] v — требовать, нуждаться requirement п — требование, необходимое условие; потребность submit [sab'mit] v — представлять, подавать (документы) submission [sabinif(a)n] п — представление, подача (документов) assess [a'ses] v — оценивать, давать оценку assessment п — оценка, мнение, суждение

habilitation [ha,bili'teij(a)n] n — хабилитация (в некоторых европейских странах процедура, цель которой — получение высшей академиче­ской квалификации, следующей после ученой степени PhD (Doctor of Philosophy), и права на занятие профессорской должности в универси­тете (Dr. habil.)

adviser [ad'vaizo]; (syn.) supervisor ['sjuiporvaiza] n — консультант, советник academic / research adviser (supervisor) — научный руководитель accomplish [a'kAmpliJ] v — выполнять; завершать

seek (sought) [si:k] v — искать, пытаться найти; пытаться/стараться что-л. сделать; стремиться к чему-л.

degree seeker — соискатель

sought degree — искомая степень

benefit ['benefit] п v — преимущество, привилегия, польза, благо, выгода; приносить пользу, помогать, оказывать благотворное (воз)действие, приносить выгоду (прибыль)

diverse [dai'va:s] adj — различный; разный, разнообразный

diversity [dai'va:siti] n — разнообразие, многообразие; различие

skill п — мастерство, опыт, умение, квалификация, способности

skilful adj — искусный, умелый, опытный

skilled adj — опытный, умелый, квалифицированный

translate into practice — воплотить на практике, реализовывать, претворять в жизнь

employ [im'ploi] v — предоставлять работу, нанимать; использовать, при­менять

employer [im'pbia] п — работодатель, наниматель

employee [,empbi'i:] п — служащий; работающий по найму

employment [im'pbimont] п — работа, служба; занятость (рабочей силы); прем (на работу); применение, использование

unemployment [,Anim'pbimant] п — безработица

involve [in'volv] v — включать, содержать; вовлекать

term [ta:m] и — период, срок; семестр, триместр, четверть; термин; (pl.) условия

in terms of— с точки зрения

3. Complete the following sentences with details from the Text.

1. Master’s degree programmes usually include.

2. The degree of an academic doctorate is called_______________.

3. Examinations are required to test.

4. Typically a doctorate degree takes to complete.

5. is earned after obtaining a PhD degree.

6. The first stage research degree in Russia is___________________.

7. The second stage research degree in Russia is.

4. Locate the following details in the Text. Give the line numbers.

1. In which lines does the author explain the meaning of the term philosophy in the context of academic degrees?

2. Where in the Text does the author first mention the requirements for Doctoral degree programmes?

3. Where in the Text does the author discuss what doctoral students are expected to demonstrate to be awarded a PhD degree?

4. At what point in the Text does the author discuss the level of scholarship required for habilitation?

5. In which lines does the author explain the equivalence of Russian postgraduate degrees to the ones recognized internationally?

5. Underline the detail that is NOT mentioned in the Text in each of the sentences below.

1. Postgraduate education includes Bachelor’s degrees, Master’s degrees, and Doctor’s degrees.

2. Doctoral degree programmes require students to pass a qualifying examination, a comprehensive examination, a special field examination, and a PhD candidacy examination.

3. Habilitation qualification exists in France, Austria, Denmark, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Poland, Russia and other countries.

6. Answer the following detail questions.

1. According to the Text, Master’s degree students complete their research with

a) examinations.

b) the defence of a thesis.

c) a paper.

2. According to the Text, postgraduate students perform

a) work as assistants.

b) interviews for postgraduate candidates.

c) teaching duties.

3. According to the Text, a thesis is assessed by

a) an examiners’ committee.

b) a professors’ council.

c) an attestation committee.

4. According to the Text, a habitation thesis is accomplished a) with the help of a faculty supervisor.

b) independently.

c) with the help of an academic committee.

on the appointed date. 21.1 invite anyone to attend my dissertation defence. 22. Science and technology have continually modified human existence through the engineering process. 23. You are probably familiar with the traditional branches of science, e.g. chemistry, physics, botany and zoology. 24. A scientist should be a creative and critical thinker. 25. She is a renowned scholar of American history. 26. The essay is a work of serious scholarship. 27. She won a scholarship to study at Oxford University. 28. After the interruption, she proceeded with her presentation. 29. We will proceed according to plan. 30. Some higher education qualifications require that you already have a Bachelor’s degree. 31. A comprehensive examination is often required in the first year of doctoral study. 32. The minimum entry requirement for any postgraduate study is a successful completion of a Bachelor’s degree or equivalent study. 33. He submitted his application to undertake postgraduate study online. 34. No date has yet been set for the submission of applications. 35. Make sure you choose a postgraduate course that gives you wide access to professionals in your chosen field. 36. The examiners will be required to submit a detailed assessment of the thesis. 37. In order to hold the rank of professor within the German system, in some scientific branches it is necessary to attain the habilitation. 38. My postgraduate adviser always helps me with my thesis. 39. My supervisor guides me on all aspects of my postgraduate studies. 40. Each research student is allocated an academic supervisor. 41. He has accomplished his scientific achievements and is able to attain the Doctor’s degree by producing a doctoral dissertation. 42. The company is seeking new ways to improve service. 43. This country is an attractive choice for international students seeking educational opportunities. 44. Scholarships are available for the postgraduate degree seekers in any field. 45. One of the benefits of a postgraduate research degree is the output of original contributions to knowledge. 46. I have benefited enormously from Professor Smith’s vast knowledge. 47. Higher education institutions offer a range of postgraduate programmes to diverse students. 48. There is a wide diversity of opinion on this problem. 49. Postgraduate study requires the deepening of your academic skills in order to make a contribution to knowledge creation. 50. There is a shortage of skilful graduates in the power and energy sector globally. 51. It is a highly skilled job. 52. He submitted a report on the experience of translating research into practice. 53. Thousands of postgraduates are employed

5. According to the Text, what examinations do Candidate of Sciences degree seekers have to pass?

a) in a special field, science, and a foreign language

b) in a special field, local history, and a foreign language

c) in a special field, the history and philosophy of science, and a foreign language