1. Прочтите следующие слова: Аdopt, option, top-down, encourage, rural, recreational, activities, between, wildlife, matching, framework, target, weighting, participation, impact, resolve, agricultural, overexploitation.
2. Прочтите и переведите следующие группы слов: Systematic assessment, without degrading, social aspect, implementation and monitoring of plans, assistance to decision makers, most beneficial, the most satisfying results, the planning cycles, erosion hazard, local targets, popular awareness, existing planning, wider framework, own advantages, higher level support.
3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания: adopt (v.) – принимать already (adv.) – уже assess (v.) – оценивать assessment (n.) – оценка assistance (n.) – содействие, помощь awareness (n.) – осведомлённость, ознакомление bottom-up and top-down land use planning – "восходящее" и «нис- ходящее» землеустройство carry out (v.) – выполнять, осуществлять conservation (n.) – сохранность, консервация different disadvantages – различные недостатки exist (v.) – существовать existing (n.) – существование feasibility (n.) – возможность, осуществляемость higher level support – поддержка на высшем уровне impact (v.) – воздействовать, оказывать влияние improve (v.) – улучшать indicate (v.) – указывать invest (v.) – инвестировать, вкладывать investment (n.) – инвестиция, вклад 15 involve (v.) – включать, вовлекать in widely scattered places – в широко распространенных местах lack (n.) – недостаток, нужда, отсутствие (чего-либо) legislation (n.) – законодательство mean (v.) – означать, значить (adj.) – средний, посредственный, скаредный measure (n.) – мера, мероприятие (v.) – измерять misuse (n.) – злоупотребление mix (n.) – смесь, путаница, беспорядок occur (v.) – случаться, встречаться, происходить option (n.) – вариант participation (n.) – участие physical (adj.) – физический planning strategy – стратегия планирования potential (adj.) – потенциальный recreational (adj.) – рекреационный resolve (v.) – разрешать, решать rural (adj.) – сельский sectoral (adj.) – ведомственный, отраслевой siting (n.) – размещение succeed (v.) – следовать, преуспевать suitability matching – соответствующий подбор technical agencies – технические структуры user (n.) – пользователь wildlife (n.) – дикая природа, заповедник
4. Прочтите и переведите следующие текст: Text 2A Rural and agricultural land use planning Land use planning can be defined as the systematic assessment of land and water potential, alternative systems of land use and other physical, social and economic conditions. The purpose is to select and adopt land use options which are the most beneficial to land users without degrading the resources or the environment, together with the selection of measures most likely to encourage such land uses. In the broadest meaning of the term, land use planning deals with planning for all types of land use (rural, urban, industrial, recreational, etc.). Land use planning involves many aspects of planning such as designing planning options, evaluation of feasibility (economic, environmental, social impact assessment), providing assistance to decision maker, implementation and monitoring of plans. Rural land use planning is concerned with all (economic) activities in rural areas, such as agriculture, pastoralism, forestry, wildlife conservation and tourism. Besides evaluation of the potential of different activities, rural land use planning assists in resolving conflicts of interests between groups of land users. Some of the key aspects of agricultural land use planning are physical and socio-economic ones. Physical aspects involve land evaluation (mapping, analysis, suitability matching), identification of opportunities for change (improve existing land use system, suggest new land use systems), natural resources management (sustainable land use systems). The objectives of socio-economic aspects include identification of target groups, weighting options and connection with other administration/ planning. Such land legislation as access to land, ownership of resources, land reforms are also included in socio-economic aspects as well as training technical staff, farmers and financial framework like credit schemes and products marketing. Land is a limited resource and the misuse of land can lead to such problem as non-sustainable land use: processes of overexploitation (overgrazing, deforestation, erosion hazard). We need to conserve land resources for future use through sustainable land uses. For successful land use planning it is important to determine the best use of the land. It is necessary to take into consideration efficiency, equity, acceptability and sustainability of the land.
5. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов: Local, start, benefit, advantage, option, vantage, choice, begin, regional, income.
6. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов: Satisfied, find, high, popular, encourage, low, unpopular, lose, narrow, wide, discourage, unsatisfied.
7. Переведите следующие сочетания слов с русского на английский язык: Человек, принимающий решение; сельскохозяйственное землеустройство; оценка возможности; сохранять земельные ресурсы; опасность эрозии; ограниченный ресурс; "нисходящее" землеустройство (инициатива сверху); "восходящее" землеустройство (инициатива снизу); стратегия планирования; большие пре- имущества; региональный уровень; вариант землеустройства; большие площади; полагаться только на одну стратегию.
8. Переведите следующие предложения с русского на английский язык: 1. Землеустроители никогда не должны полагаться только на одну стратегию. 2. Мы нуждаемся в консервации земельных ресурсов. 3. Землеустройство осуществляется на государственном, региональном и местном уровнях. 4. Процесс планирования основан на кадастровой съёмке земельных ресурсов. 5. Водоснабжение является одной из основных проблем человека. 6. Существуют разные стратегии планирования.
9. Преобразуйте следующие предложения в Past Simple Tense: 1. Land is a limited resource. 2. There are different land use issues. 3. Misuse of land leads to several problems. 4. The advantage includes people's benefit. 5. Bottom-up planning means active participation of land users. 6. Land use policy depends upon the competing demands for land. 7. Physical aspects involve natural resource management. 10. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова: 1. Option, best, which, the, is? 2. Are, legislations, many, there, land, for, planning, use. 3. Highest, there, year, crop, last, was, the. 4. Now, working, are, we. 5. Is, limited, land, resource, a. 6. Need, conserve, resources, we, to, land. 7. Are, strategies, there, different, two, planning.
11. Заполните пропуски предлогами: 1. Different types... land use planning are usually described. 2. … traditional society, people use up-to-date methods... crop production. 3. The methods and types... planting and harvesting are al-ways based... traditions. 4. Year... year, little is changed. 5.... Britain equal pay... women did not obtain legal sanctions … the 1970s.
12. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам: 1. I am a land use planning engineer. 2. Land is a limited resource. 3. The land legislation decided financial problems last month. 4. The land use planners will discuss the best options tomorrow. 5. Bottom-up land use planning includes both advantages and disadvantages.
13. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола to have: 1. Each planning strategy ____ its own advantages. 2. We ____ many friends. 3. Bottom-up land use planning ____ some disadvan-tages. 4. Next year this student will ____ a diploma of a land use planner. 5. Last year students ____ many interesting subjects.
14. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. How can land use planning be defined? What is the purpose of land use planning? 3. What does land use planning deal with? 4. Does land use planning include many aspects? 5. What are the key aspects of agricultural land use planning? 6. Is land a limited resource? 7. Do we need to conserve land resources for future use? 8. What is important for successful land use planning? 15. Перескажите текст 2А "Rural and agricultural land use planning".
4.1 Основные элементы российской кадастровой системы.
1. Прочтите следующие слова: Parcel, data, management, right, purposes, assist, up-to-date, im-provement, legal, establishment, location, responsibilities, mortgage, jurisdiction, satellite, implementation, description, supervise.
2. Прочтите и переведите следующие группы слов: 44 Different forms, land parcel, equitable taxation, legal purposes, co-ordinate system, geometric description, land registry, cadastral data, land redistribution, different role, better access, private interests, land disputes, to maintain the equipment.
3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания: access (n.) – доступ accuracy (n.) – точность achieve (v.) – достигать aerial photography – аэрофотосъёмка circumstances (n.) – обстоятельства constraint (n.) – разногласие, противоречие conveyancing (c.) – составление нотариальных актов о передаче имущества custody (n.) – хранение customary land tenure – обычное землевладение define (v.) – определять demand (n.) – спрос, требование (v.) – требовать demarcation (n.) – разграничение, демаркация easement (n.) – удобство, облегчение encompass (v.) – охватывать environment (n.) – окружающая среда equipment (n.) – оборудование, аппаратура government (n.) – правительство joint venture – совместная компания, акционерное общество leasehold (n.) – арендатор lower the costs – понижать затраты offer (v.) – предлагать organizational arrangements – организационные структуры mortgage (n.) – ипотека, закладная parcel of land – участок земли promote (v.) – содействовать protection (n.) – защита reliable (adj.) – надёжный responsibility (n.) – ответственность, обязанность 45 restriction (n.) – ограничение satellite position fixing – спутниковое определение местности security (n.) – безопасность trained personnel – обученный персонал unfortunately (adv.) – к сожалению utilities (n.) – коммунальные услуги, удобства valuation (n.) – оценка, величина value (v.) – оценивать
4. Прочтите и переведите текст 5А: Text 5A What is Land Cadastre A Cadastre is normally a parcel based and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities). It usually includes a geometric description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, and ownership or control of those interests. It often describes the value of the parcel and its improvements. It may be established for fiscal purposes (e.g. valuation and equitable taxation), legal purposes (conveyancing), to assist in the management of land and land use for planning and other administrative purposes. The Cadastre enables sustainable development and environmental protection. Cadastral Re-form is concerned with the improvement of cadastral systems. The Land Cadastre encompasses such information as land resource capacity, land tenure, land ownership and different land uses. The Cadastre provides: - information identifying those people who have interests in parcels of land; - information about those interests, e.g. land duration of rights, re-strictions and responsibilities; - information about the parcel, e.g. location, size, improvement, value. Land tenure is concerned with the rights, restrictions and responsibilities that people have with respect to the land. The Cadastre may 46 record different forms of land tenure such as ownership, leasehold, easements, mortgages and different types of common, communal or customary land tenure. The Surveyor undertakes different roles in different countries in relation to the establishment and maintenance of the Cadastre. The Surveyor may be responsible for: - cadastral surveying and mapping; - recording of cadastral information; - land valuation; - land use planning; - management of both the graphic and textual cadastral data bases; - resolving land disputes; - custody and supply of cadastral information. Modern technology, such as up-to-date survey instruments, satellite position fixing (Global Positioning System – GPS), aerial photography and photogrammetry can offer new possibilities to increase the speed and lower the costs for cadastral reform. Computer technology can usually provide better access to information, better manipulation of cadastral data, better quality, and better legal and physical security. To fully utilize modern technology it is important to have trained personnel and facilities to maintain the equipment. Unfortunately this infrastructure is not found in many countries, thereby limiting the use of modern technology.
5. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов: Costs, deal, dispute, immediately, exact, transaction, sporadically, modern, ground, accurate, up-to-date, discussion, land, expenses.
6. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов: Informal, start, unfortunately, finish, partner, enemy, formal, fortunately.
7. Переведите следующие сочетания слов с русского на анг лийский язык: Разные страны; правительственные органы; обмен информацией; правовые вопросы; земельная регистрация; различные обстоятельства; организационные структуры; свободно доступный; лучшие манипуляции; новые возможности; систематический подход; перераспределение земли; надёжная информация; рынок земли.
8. Переведите следующие предложения с русского на английский язык: 1.Регистрация земли - это часть кадастровой системы. 2. Кадастр - это основное средство обеспечения информации о земле. 3. Землеустроители играют важную роль в различных странах. 4. Современный кадастр включает геометрическое описание земельных участков. 5. Специалисты должны проводить оценку земли. 6. Физическая демаркация на земле определяет границы участков.
9. Образуйте причастия настоящего времени от данных ниже глаголов. Составьте предложения, используя причастия в разных функциях: To control, to establish, to improve, to assist, to use, to undertake, to find, to connect, to consider, to make, to promote, to increase, to protect, to allocate, to rely.
10. Переведите предложения на русский язык, определите функцию причастия настоящего времени: 1.All European countries are working today on the problem of automating land records. 2. This is what is now happening in the most countries. 3. Utilities such as water, sewerage, electricity and tele-communication are becoming more complex. 4. Starting with the most highly urbanized area, the cadastral maps are increasingly being digitized. 5. Soil damaging utilities must not be used. 6. Demands for efficient maintenance and management are increasing. 7. The Cadastre provides information identifying those people who have interests in parcels of land.
11. Заполните пропуски предлогами: 1.A land use planner undertakes different roles... different countries. 2. Modern technology can offer new possibilities... lower the costs... cadastral reforms. 3. A parcel can be an area... land with a particular type... land use. 4. Land registration is the official recording... legally recognized interests... land. 5. Cadastre helps... avoid duplication.
12. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам: 1. A land use planner plays different roles in different countries. 2. A surveyor is responsible for recording cadastral information. 3. Computer technology offers better access to information. 4. Limit of trained personnel restricts the use of modern technology. 5. Aerial photography and photogrammetry offer new possibilities to lower the costs for cadastral reforms.
13. Заполните пропуски, используя глаголы, данные в скобках: 1. A land use planner ____ different roles in different countries (to undertake). 2. Modern survey instruments ____ new possibilities (to offer). 3. The Cadastre ____ in the management of land and land use (to assist). 4. The Cadastre ____ different forms of land tenure (to re-cord). 5. A successful Cadastre ____ reliable information at low cost (to provide).
14. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту: What is а Cadastre? 2. What role does a land use planner play in different countries? 3. What is a land use planner responsible for? 4. Can computer technology provide better access to information? 5. Is it necessary to make careful investigation for cadastral reforms? 6. What kind of modern technology do you know? 7. Why should the Cadastre be managed by the government? 8. Is Cadastral Reforms concerned with the improvement of cadastral systems?
Перескажите текст 5А
4.2 CADASTRAL AND LAND REGISTRATION SYSTEMS IN EUROPE
1. Прочтите следующие слова: Methodically, colleagues, boundary, certain, majesty, zoom, an-nounce, complete, widespread, digital, session, authority, Gazeteer, consequence, emerge, arrange, aforementioned, validity. 2. Прочтите и переведите следующие группы слов: Within a certain country; use and implementation throughout Europe; to maximize the efficiency; Valuation Office Agency; complete digital database; e-Business strategy; relatively uniform cadastral surveys; unique definition; certificate of title; less pronounced; must be surveyed and demarcated; objects of taxation; greatest achievements; the cradle of the European cadastre' under the umbrella.
3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания: aforementioned countries – вышеупомянутые страны agreement (n.) – соглашение, договор application (n.) – заявление, обращение assessor (n.) – эксперт, консультант, чиновник, оценщик assign (v.) – определять, предназначать attain (v.) – достигать, добиваться bind (bound) (v.) – связывать, ограничивать 76 blow (v.) – дуть book (v.) – регистрировать, записывать compile (v.) – составлять, собирать conventional (adj.) – условный, традиционный cradle (n.) – колыбель, начало, исток database (n.) – база данных deadline (n.) – крайний срок, черта, за которую нельзя переходить delay (v.) – задерживать devolve (v.) – передавать (полномочия, обязанности) doubtful (adj.) – сомнительный embark (v.) – грузить, вступать emerge (v.) – появляться, всплывать empower (v.) – уполномочивать endure (v.) – выносить, длиться, продолжаться exert (v.) – напрягать, осуществлять Gazeteer (n.) – географический справочник her majesty – её величество homogenous (adj.) – одинаковый, однородный identical (adj.) – идентичный, одинаковый impelling reason – побудительная причина insufferable (adj.) – нетерпимый insupportable (adj) – невыносимый introduce (v.) – внедрять inventory of data – опись, инвентаризация, переучет данных jointly (adv.) – совместно large-scale mapping – крупномасштабное картирование license (v.) – лицензировать loosely (adv.) – свободно obstacle (n.) – препятствие, помеха organizational frameworks – организационные рамки pan (v.) – подготовить, подвергнуть резкой критике pronounce (v.) – заявлять, произносить recent (adj.) – недавний, последний, современный registrar (n.) – архивариус, регистратор reliability (n.) – надёжность remain (v.) – оставаться search (n.) – поиск, исследование similarity (n.) – схожесть 77 trait (n.) – штрих, черта unification (n.) – объединение uniform (adj.) – однообразный, единый, постоянный verbal description – устное описание wealth (n.) – благосостояние widespread (adj.) – широко распространенный zoom (v.) – изменить
4. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст: Text 8A The UK "Cadastre" The word cadastre is generally used to describe "a methodically ar-ranged public inventory of data concerning properties, within a certain country or district, based upon a survey of their boundaries". There are numerous models for its use and implementation throughout Europe. Using the land parcel as its foundation, the cadastre is used to record information about land rights, valuation, land use, etc. There is no UK Cadastre – the word cadastre is not one commonly used in the UK, where for historical reasons the development of land administration institutions has taken place in a different way from the rest of Europe. While mapping remains the basis for those activities considered as "cadastral", in the UK there is no single organization re-sponsible for the cadastre. Ordnance Survey, as a national mapping agency, maintains large scale mapping for England, Scotland, and Wales. In Northern Ireland this is the responsibility of Ordnance Survey Northern Ireland. The detailed digital mapping maintained by these two Government Agen-cies provides the definitive framework upon which other organizations can "book" and manage their data. Another difference with most mainland European countries is that the base mapping in UK is topog-raphic – it shows features that exist on the ground but not the fixed boundary points and monuments usually associated with a cadastre. Ordnance survey has made Great Britain one of the few countries in the world to have a complete digital national topographic database. 78 It includes complete large scale data for all urban areas. Recently Ordnance Survey Northern Ireland has completed the UK picture with large scale digital data covering the entire province. Within Great Britain there is now widespread use of digital mapping across many user sectors, in one of the most developed markets in Europe. Over the last twelve months Ordnance Survey has embarked on a number of projects under the umbrella of a new "e-Business strategy", the vision of which is: "Ordnance Survey and its partners will be the content provider of choice for location based information in the new knowledge economy". As a part of its new e-Business strategy, Ordnance Survey is developing its digital mapping products and services within a coherent infrastructure known as the Digital National Framework. A unique 16 digit topographic identifier is used for all points, lines, and areas, and provides a common link that will allow different data to reference the same feature allowing users to cross reference data in a way that should help to release the potential and value of their data. The Nation Land Information Service (NLIS) is a part of the UK Government "modernizing government" initiative. It is a project being jointly developed by HMLR and Local Government. It features private sector partners that provide access to a National Land and Property Gazeteer. In conclusion, while there is no cadastre in the United Kingdom the activities normally considered to be a part of the cadastre on continental Europe are performed by a variety of agencies. Although the organizational frameworks are different, many of the issues facing UK institutions are similar to those faced by our colleagues involved in cadastre in other parts of Europe. There is a need to create coordination of efforts in a way described in the UK as "joined-up government" in order to maximize the efficiency of effort and to provide the best value and service to the citizen.
5. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов: Reason, need, best, maximize, purpose, necessity, excellent, link, similar, bind, increase, same.
6. Образуйте от данных слов антонимы при помощи отрицательных префиксов: In -: significance, separable, official, subordinate, sufferable, urban(e), appropriate, supportable, dependence, dependant; Un -: limited, steady, suitable, known, reasonable, thinking, trained, suspected. 7. Переведите следующие сочетания слов с русского на английский язык: Основная схожесть; несмотря на организационные рамки; правительственные структуры (агентства); картирование остается основой; оценка имущества (недвижимости); электронная бизнес- стратегия; уникальный цифровой определить (идентификатор); инициатива модернизации правительства; полевые заметки; в соответствии с количеством участков; "объединенное правительство"; бывшие колонии; степень безопасности и надёжности; он должен обратиться к регистратору.
8. Переведите следующие предложения с русского на английский язык: 1. Важной характерной чертой разработки является связь между кадастром и регистрацией земли. 2. Франция – колыбель (родоначальник) кадастра. 3. Французский кадастр был определен Наполеоном в начале XIX века. 4. В Соединенном Королевстве нет кадастра. 5. В Англии 2 агентства, которые несут ответственность за запись прав на землю. 6. Англия имеет полную цифровую государственную топографическую базу данных. 7. Уникальный топографический определить используется для всех площадей. 8. Дания имеет всестороннюю кадастровую кар- ту, охватывающую всю страну.
9. Заполните пропуски соответствующими модальными глаголами: 1. You... go to the Agency by bus. 2. This is an easy text on land cadastre. You... translate it without a dictionary. 3. The students... work hard. 4. Information... be organized in integrative form. 5. Works … be based on sound cadastral survey. 6. The computerization... have much place in land use planning.
10. Замените модальные глаголы их эквивалентами: 1. The Government Agencies can "book" and manage data. 2. Researches must look at the possibilities of different services. 3. The results of the trial couldn't be announced. 4. The providers may use digital topographic identifier. 5. This system must provide proper information. 6. Cadastre must have basis for further modernization. 7. Completely new land records must be compiled.
11. Заполните пропуски предлогами: 1. There are numerous models... cadastre. 2. The cadastre is used... record information... land rights, valuation, land use, etc. 3. There is no single organization responsible... the cadastre... the UK. 4. National Mapping Agency maintains large scale mapping... England, Scotland and Wales. 5. The detailed digital mapping is maintained... two Government Agencies.
12. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам: 1. The basic principles should consist of two parts. 2. This program must provide interesting results. 3. Researches must have basis for further development. 4. The Spanish cadastral system must provide national coverage. 5. The cadastre is developing gradually.
13. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на многозначность слова "one". 1. One of them is a land use planner. 2. Another cadastre emerged parallel to this one. 3. One should know all these rules. 4. In all Western European countries, cadastral maps are used for many purposes besides the original one. 5. One of the greatest achievements of the Napoleonic cadastre was that it provided a complete record of all land units.
14. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту: 1. Is there the UK cadastre? 2. Are there models of its use and implementation throughout Europe? 3. How many Government Agencies providing digital mapping are there in the UK? 4. What organization provides a wealth of free mapping on web site? 5. What is "e-business strategy?" 6. Can the Government Agencies "book" and manage data? 7. May the providers use digital topographic Identifier? 8. Must na-tional mapping Agency maintain large scale mapping for England, Scotland and Wales?
15. Прочтите, переведите текст 8В: Text 8B Cadastre in West Europe For historical reasons, there are basic similarities among all the cadastres of Western Europe. They are all, in one way or another, based on the principles of the French cadastre as defined by Napoleon early in the nineteenth century. A basic principle was that it should consist of the two main parts: a verbal description and a map showing the locations and boundaries of all land units. The maps were established systematically, area by area, by relatively uniform cadastral surveys, which produced not only the maps but also the field notes on which they were based. The unique cadastral number of each land unit – normally the parcel rather than the farm unit – served as a link be-tween map and description. Since the main purpose was taxation, the original cadastre was arranged according to the names of the owners, showing each owner's parcels with area, land use, arranged according to the numbers of the parcels. An important feature of these developments is the connection be-tween the cadastre and the land register. In Germany, Austria, Switzerland and the Netherlands, there is nowadays a very close link be-tween cadastres and land registers. In the Netherlands, both are main-tained by the same organization in common offices. In other countries mentioned above, the legal units used in the land registers are also identical with the cadastral units or combinations of them. Because of the unique definitions in the cadastral records and maps, it has been possible to introduce systems of title registration with a high degree of security and reliability in all these countries. In France – the mother country of the cadastre – the unification of the cadastre and the land register has not progressed as far. For one thing, the French cadastre is not as comprehensive nor is it maintained in quite the same way as in the aforementioned countries. It also has less legal validity, and is still mainly a fiscal cadastre lacking the very close link between cadastre and legal land registers. 83 A common trait in all of Western Europe is that the cadastre provides systematic coverage of the entire territory, and that collected and recorded data are continually updated. Parcels are described according to their uses, square measures and taxation values, their buildings and topography; ownership is recorded; links to other administrative registers and files are established. A general trend is that the original fiscal aspect of the cadastre is becoming less and less pronounced, while its role as the basis of a general land information system is assuming increasing importance. In all Western European countries, cadastral maps are used for many purposes. In Switzerland, for example, the towns often produce extremely accurate municipal maps based on cadastral information. The integration of cadastral surveys with other kinds of large scale mapping for urban purposes is a common trend in other countries within the region as well. With regard to the cadastral survey, there has generally been a trend towards using increasingly accurate methods, and at the same time, assigning more and more weight to the demarcation of boundaries and to agreements between the owners. While cadastral maps were originally of the "island map" type, depicting only the cadastral block or section in question, they now increasingly take the form of "comprehensive maps" covering a standardsized map sheet. This is partly a consequence of the transformation from taxation cadastres to multipurpose cadastres. It is also due to the fact that nowadays all cadastral surveys in Western Europe are adapted to a national grid with a common co-ordinate system. It is, therefore, also possible to integrate cadastral surveying and general topographical surveying, and to use a common sheet division for both types of surveys. The administration of the cadastre is organized in a variety of ways in different countries. In Germany and the Netherlands, the cadastral authorities were initially government officers connected to the Ministry of Finance. But as a consequence of the expanded function of the cadastre as the basis of a multipurpose land information system, the Dutch cadastre, for example, was reorganized as a separate division within the Ministry of Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment. In other countries like France, Switzerland and Belgium, the principle work of cadastral surveying is left to licensed surveyors.
5.1
17. Прочтите и переведите текст 9С и раскройте содержание рассматриваемых в нем проблем: Text 9C The key success factors when implementing an urban cadaster. Experience resulted from many investigations and observations suggests main key success factors when implementing an urban cadastre: clarification of the legal framework, strengthening of the social assessment and participation and use of new technologies. To solve these old problems a land use planner should take them into account. It is necessary to clarify the legal framework which is often in-complete or inadequate. It should provide a clear typology of land tenure and ownership and occupant rights, a good definition of claims hierarchy and conflict resolution mechanisms. This should be done in respect of overriding interests including customary and indigenous rights. The process implemented must be based on equity and fairness and respect the de facto use and occupancy rights of the poorest population who is mainly living in urban fringes and shanty towns. The re-view of the legal framework should also be performed in with respect to a sustainable environmental development. This includes identification and demarcation of protected and buffer areas. The legal framework should provide a clear distribution of responsibilities between land and real estate agencies. As cadastral and registry integration is often a key issue, legal arrangements should be set up to guarantee a long term consistency between cadastral and registral information. This includes a clear definition of roles and responsibilities of cadastral and registral services as well as private surveyors and notaries. All stakeholders should feel the ownership of the reforms and follow the rules in their future day to day activities. When preparing a cadastre you have to survey and visit each piece of land and each building where people are living. In this process, social assessment and participation that encourage population participation appear essential. All along the project it is important to focus on this issue. Prior to the implementation of the project, a specific social assessment will allow to identify main project beneficiaries and key social issues. At the beginning of the implementation, a national, municipal and local information campaign will facilitate population understanding and consequently ownership of the project by the population. During the project, the field data acquisition process will be governed by population participation and efficient conflict resolution mechanisms. A few years after the project, it is important to carry out studies to assess the social impact of the project on beneficiaries. Strengthening the social assessment and participation requires innovative approaches. For instance there is a special need for flexible solutions in urban fringes with high rate of spontaneous urbanization and informal sprawling settlements. In most of the cases, the social activities must be based on bottom up approaches rather than top down traditional approaches. It is essential to get a large consensus among the final beneficiaries whether they are legal owners or simply de facto occupants. It's also necessary to use new technologies to solve old problems. There are three technical steps for which rapid technological evolution is determinant: the acquisition of information, the management and maintenance of the information and the exchange and distribution of the information.
5.2. Городское планирование.
1. Прочтите следующие слова: Unfortunately, careful, amount, individuality, pleasures, handi-work, turmoil, circumferential, curvilinear, wantonly, vista, show, congestion, desirous, carriageway, inconvenience, pedestrian, pave. 109
2. Прочтите и переведите следующие группы слов: the majority of cases, attractive amenities, it invariably happens, gross handiwork, the purest of human pleasures, dwelling removed from the turmoil and discomfort, well planted and finely laid out, undulation of the site, heavily trafficked streets, to prevent the congestion, approximately the same height, wide grass margins, creation of fitting civic centre.
3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания: allotment garden – небольшой участок, отведенный под сад amenities (n.) – удобства, удовольствия bear (born, borne) (v.) – нести, иметь (чувство) be in commanding position – быть на высоте, занимать господствующее положение be proud (v.) – гордиться carriageway (n.) – проезжая часть дороги circumferential (adj.) – кольцевой civic centre – общественный центр conduit (n.) – водопровод, трубопровод congestion (n.) – скопление convenience (n.) – удобство, выгода convince (v.) – убеждать desirous (adj.) - желающий dignified (adj.) - величественный err (v.) – заблуждаться exercise (v.) – выполнять, проявлять fitting centre – салон красоты from many points of vantage – с точки зрения многих преимуществ front to (v.) – выходить на первый план grades of property – качество, класс, расположение недвижимости gravity flow – основной сток gross handiwork – ручная работа в чистом виде haphazard (adj.) – случайный, бессистемный, сделанный наугад 110 heavily trafficked street – сильно запруженные улицы imply (v.) – подразумевать, значить in respect to – с учётом intersect (v.) – пересекать invariably (adv.) – неизменно, устойчиво margin (n.) – край mortar (n.) – известковый или строительный раствор obtain (v.) – получать obviate (v.) – устранять, избавляться pave (v.) – мостить provision (зд.) (n.) – 1. обеспечение, снабжение; 2. положение radiate (v.) – исходить из центра rectangular (adj.) – прямоугольный setting (n.) – окружающая обстановка, окружение, художественное оформление show (v.) – показывать sidewalk (n.) – тротуар spinnies and glades – рощицы и поляны spirit (n.) – дух spoil (v.) – портить the great architect of the universe – великий архитектор вселенной thoroughfare (n.) – проезд, оживленная улица, главная артерия города turmoil (n.) – cуматоха, шум, беспорядок ultimately (adv.) – в конечном счетe unconscious (adj.) – несознательный, бессовестный undulation (n.) – неровность wantonly (adv.) – беспричинно, безответственно, бессмысленно worthy (adj.) – достойный, подобающий
4. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст: Text 11A Town planning 111 Aristotle is said to have defined a City as a "place where men live a common life for a noble end" which implies an end or aim. Unfortunately in the majority of cases the aim has been an unconscious one with the result that cities have grown in a haphazard manner, and many beautiful spots turned into an ugly accumulation of bricks and mortar. A careful study of what wise town planning, the liberal provision of attractive amenities can do, and has done for some of the cities of Europe will convince the greatest anti-town-planner of the wisdom of looking well ahead. It invariably happens that town planning is not thought of or put into operation until a certain amount of development has taken place. A city attractive by its beauty, by its artistic symmetry and design and by the amenities and conveniences which it offers will gain a reputation and an individuality which not only its Council and its landowners, but also its citizens, may be proud. What then should be the aim of every City? And to answer that question we are at once thrown back upon the question of what should be the individuality by which the City should be marked and known. Bacon says in his "Essay of Gardens", that "God Almighty first planted a garden. And indeed it is the purest of human pleasures, it is the greatest refreshment to the spirit of men without which buildings and palaces are but gross handiwork." Surely then the aim should be the one implied by the term "Garden City", beautiful, well planted and finely laid out, known and characterized by the charm and amenities which it can offer to those who seek a residence or dwelling removed from the turmoil, stress and discomforts of a manufacturing district. The various system of planning which have been adopted in the past are rectangular, radial and circumferential; but the latest schemes for town planning are generally a combination of all three, which allows for the best fulfilment of town planning ideals. The problem then for the town planner is to consider his scheme in respect to the configuration and undulations of the site; direction of main radial and circumferential avenues and boulevards; the layout and construction of avenues and boulevards; open spaces, parks and recreation grounds; tramways; civic centre. 112 The limitation of the number of houses per acre and height and identical character should be provided. Factories and works must also be placed in the special areas.
5. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов: Crowd, wanton, irresponsible, intersect, congestion, cross, turmoil, noise, pavement, sidewalk.
6. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов: Helpful, invariably, unconscious, ugly, helpless, variably, beautiful, wanton, responsible, conscious.
7. Переведите следующие сочетания слов с русского языка на английский: Великий Архитектор Вселенной; привлекательные удобства; цель каждого города; ручная работа в чистом виде; вдали от суматохи, стресса и дискомфорта; сочетания лучших идей; неровности места (под застройку); кольцевые бульвары; план и строительство авеню; парки и места для отдыха; общественный центр; салон красоты; сильно запруженные улицы; устранить перенаселенность.
8. Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на английский: 1. Необходимо учитывать направление основных кольцевых бульваров. 2. Город привлекателен своей красотой. 3. Всемогущий Бог первым долгом посадил сад. 4. Город должен быть хорошо спланирован. 5. В крупных городах существуют прямоугольная, радиальная и кольцевая системы планирования. 6. Место для отдыха и парков должно учитываться при планировании города. 7. Фабрики и заводы должны размещаться в особых зонах. 8. В центре старинных городов необходимо предотвращать скопление машин.
9. Образуйте имена прилагательные от следующих слов: Vary, thank, wonder, beauty, power, help, use, situation, type, finance.
10. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива: 1. It is difficult to estimate future demands. 2. Each route should be linked up one with the other to form easy and suitable means of transit from every part of the city. 3. By carefully planning it can generally be arranged to place a church, a public building, or artistically de-signed residence to break the monotony of long streets. 4. In order to obviate overcrowding it is essential to limit a number of houses per acre. 5. Land use planner must study all subjects to know his speciality well. 6. To become a good specialist is very important. 7. These are the land use planners to place new parks and recreational grounds.
11. Заполните пропуски предлогами: 1. People's Parks are universally provided... the continent. 2. The secondary business avenues should have sidewalks... a minimum width... 10 feet. 3. All sewer, water, electric and other mains are made... underground conduits. 4. A city is attractive... its beauty. 5.... 114 planning the future growth... existing and new cities one can avoid the enormous expense occasioned... the lack... planning.
12. Поставьте вопросы к выделенным словам: 1. People's Parks are universally provided on the continent. 2. The traffic is inconvenienced by opening for repairs. 3. Factories and works should be placed in special areas. 4. The whole system of public utilities will ultimately become parts of a completed whole. 5. The circumferential routes connect the various parks and open spaces, streets and avenues, squares and boulevards.
13. Преобразуйте предложения, изменив форму глаголов- сказуемых из действительного залога в страдательный: 1. The regulation respects the most important parts of a town plan-ning system. 2. Centres fix shops, schools, churches, etc. 3. A land use planner makes different schemes for proper use of land. 4. God Almighty first planted a garden. 5. The circumferential route connects the various parks and open spaces, streets and avenues.
14. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. How did Aristotle define a City? 2. Have cities grown up in a haphazard manner in the majority of cases? 3. What is a city attractive by? 4. What is the aim of every city? 5. What systems of city planning can you name? 6. Should the town planner consider direction of main radial and circumferential avenues? 7. Must the limitation of the num-ber of houses per acre be provided? 8. Where should factories and works be placed?
15. Перескажите текст 11A "Town planning".
6. рынки и налоги 1. Рынок земли
1. Прочтите следующие слова: Single, frequently, adversely, commodity, social, allocation, port-folio, sharecropping, rationale, sophistication, particularly, globalization, performance, commodification, harmonization, accounting, expect, reduce.
2. Прочтите и переведите на русский язык следующие группы слов: Wide range of activities, to encourage certain uses, potential interventions, land taxation system, sound arguments, access to information, the general trend, a constantly developing portfolio, transaction types, formal registration institutions, third party interest, the general rationale, level of sophistication, increasing demands for harmonization.
3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания: accounting standards – стандарты отчетности adversely (adv.) – вредно, противоречиво asset (n.) – имущество bona fide sales – добросовестная продажа commodification (n.) – отоваривание commodity (n.) – товар, сырье contiguous (adj.) – прилегающий, смежный customary (adj.) – привычный, основанный на опыте, обычае eligibility (n.) – приемлемость, право на избрание enable (v.) – дать возможность encompass (v.) – охватывать enhance (v.) – повышать, усиливать encourage (v.) – поощрять forсе thе расе – подталкивать friction (n.) – разногласия, трения ineligible (adj.) – неприемлемый influx (n.) – наплыв institutional frameworks – официальные, законные рамки intervention (n.) – вмешательство, посредничество pace (n.) – шаг portfolio (n.) – пакет (ценных бумаг, документов) rationale (n.) – разумное объяснение, основная причина society (n.) – общество sophistication (n.) – усложнение, фальсификация spread (v.) – распространять, простираться, развертывать uncertainty (n.) – нерешительность, неуверенность, сомнения underpin (v.) – подводить фундамент up-stream (adv.) – против течения
4. Прочтите и переведите следующий текст: Text 13A Land market Land markets provide a mechanism for the allocation of ownership and use rights that is typically for the most valuable single class of as-set in an economy. At the same time land use and sometimes land ownership frequently have influences on other aspects of society's economic and non-economic interests. The general trend towards market economies, for example, often adversely affects men who do not get equal opportunities to use land and property as a commodity. There is therefore a need for regulations based on environment, social, cultural and political considerations that provide a framework for the activities of the land market. Land markets are made up of a constantly developing portfolio of legal interests and transaction types. This portfolio of transaction types includes sale, rental, sharecropping, and licenses, together with associated derivative transactions including mortgages and mortgage markets, and other real estate interests. Some of these transaction types are typically registrable in those jurisdictions that have formal registration institutions, including sales, mortgages, some leases, and some third party interests. Many are not, including particularly those "less" formal interests such as shorter term of leases or rental agreements, sharecropping agreements and licenses, derivative interests operating "upstream" of the registrable interests such as secondary mortgage market, and some customary rights. The general rationale for land markets is that, under appropriate institutional frameworks, they will tend systematically to move land to- wards the most economically efficient ownership and use. This is broadly accepted as a desirable function, particularly given that land is typically the most valuable single class of asset in an economy.
5. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов: Enhance, assistance, commodity, goods, community, construct, build, increase, help, society, adverse, harmful.
6. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов: Ineligible, cheap, faulty, hinder, eligible, expensive, true, encourage, beneficiaries, disadvantages.
7. Образуйте антонимы от следующих слов, используя нужные префиксы: Increase, centralized, pleasure, moralize, tie, told, published, translatable, true, shadowed, trained.
8. Переведите следующие сочетания слов с русского языка на английский: Ключевые требования, более точная оценка, финансовый сер- вис, уровень фальсификации, рыночные товары, отоваривание земли, повышающаяся стоимость земельного имущества, возможности вложения.
9. Переведите следующие предложения с русского языка на английский: 1. Существует несколько ключевых требований для правильного функционирования рынка. 2. Земельная регистрация подводит фундамент к более эффективным операциям земельного рынка. 3. Земельный рынок регулируется двумя основными механизмами. 4. Земельные рынки состоят из постоянно развивающихся пакетов документов по законным интересам людей. 5. Земле- пользование оказывает влияние на разные аспекты экономических и неэкономических интересов общества.
10. Образуйте 3 формы от следующих глаголов: To experience, to associate, to come, to omit, to purchase, to undergo, to tend, to add, to make, to drive, to contribute, to give, to attach, to reduce, to provide, to encourage.
11. Заполните пропуски предлогами: 1. Spatial planning may encompass a very wide range... potential interventions. 2. Planning process is based... improved access... in-formation. 3. The market is... reduce the costs... simplifying the legal procedure. 4. There are several key requirements... a property functioning market. 5. The value... interests... land is closely related... the level of risk.
12. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова: 1. Provides, system, guarantee, the, appropriate, an. 2. Of, markets, made up, constantly, portfolio, a, developing, land, are. 3. 135 Transaction, these, registrable, types, are. 4. Of, important, commodification, is, factor, land, an. 5. Requirements, are, key, several, there.
13. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные функции причастия прошедшего времени: 1. Land use and land ownership have influenced different assets of society's economic and non-economic interests. 2. With the established fact of capital markets globalization, the capacity of land com-modification is an important factor. 3. The most basic key requirement includes an appropriate legal framework aimed at minimizing risk of ownership. 4. The provision of related infor