Exercise 1. Read the text and translate.
Chemistry as a science
Ancient science Chemistry is the science of matter and the changes it undergoes. Chemistry is concerned with the composition, behavior (or reaction), structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.
Ancient Egyptians pioneered the art of synthetic wet chemistry 4,000 years ago. Wet chemistry is a term used to refer to chemistry generally done in the liquid phase. By 1000 BC civilizations were using more complex forms of chemistry such as using plants 77 for medicine, extracting metal from ores, fermenting wine and making cosmetics.
The genesis of chemistry can be traced to the widely observed phenomenon of burning that led to metallurgy—the art and science of processing ores to get metals. The greed for gold led to the discovery of the process for its purification.
The earliest pioneers of chemistry, and inventors of the modern scientific method, were medieval Arab and Persian scholars. They introduced precise observation and controlled experimentation into the field and discovered numerous chemical substances. The emergence of chemistry in Europe was primarily due to the recurrent incidence of the plague and blights there during the so called Dark Ages. This gave rise to a need for medicines.
Chemistry indeed came of age when Antoine Lavoisier, developed the theory of Conservation of mass in 1783; and the development of the Atomic Theory by John Dalton around 1800.The discovery of the chemical elements has a long history from the days of alchemy and culminating in the discovery of the periodic table of the chemical elements by Dmitri Mendeleev and later discoveries of some synthetic elements.
Modern disciplines within chemistry are traditionally grouped by the type of matter being studied or the kind of study. These include inorganic chemistry - the study of inorganic matter, organic chemistry - the study of carbon based matter, biochemistry - the study of substances found in biological organisms, physical 78 chemistry - the study of chemical processes using physical concepts and analytical chemistry - the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. Many more specialized disciplines have emerged in recent years, e.g. neurochemistry the chemical study of the nervous system.
Exercise 2. Translate the sentences into English.
1) Химия изучает вещества, их свойства, строение и превращения, происходящие в результате химических реакций. 2) По признаку изучаемых веществ химию принято делить на неорганическую и органическую.3) Многие химические вещества при транс- формации могут принимать достаточно сложные формы. 4) Эти образцы можно рассмотреть под микроскопом. 5) Появилась серия статей, посвященных результатам трех лет точных наблюдений космического микроволнового фона на спутнике WMAP. 6) Химия как наука возникла достаточно давно. 7) Соль сильной кислоты и сильного основа- ния не подвергается гидролизу. 8) Как и все органические вещества пенополистерол при горении выделяет от 1000 до 3000 Мдж/кг.
Exercise 3. Give Russian equivalent for the following word combinations. Use them in the sentences of your own.
The science of matter, liquid phase, complex forms of chemistry, fermenting wine, the genesis of chemistry, widely observed phenomenon, the greed for gold, the modern scientific method, numerous chemical substances, due to the recurrent incidence, a need for medicines, the theory of Conservation of mass, the days of alchemy, the discovery of the periodic table of the chemical elements, the kind of study, carbon based matter, physical concepts, an understanding of chemical composition and structure.
Exercise 4. Answer the questions to the text:
1) What phenomena are studied by chemistry? 2) Who pioneered chemistry? 3) What is “wet chemistry”? 4) What forms of chemistry did civilizations use by 1000 BC? Give examples. 5) When was the genesis of chemistry? 6) What did the greed for gold lead to? 7) Who were the earliest inventors of the modern scientific methods of chemistry? What did they do? 8) How did chemistry emerge in Europe? 9) When did chemistry indeed come of age? 10) Who discovered the periodic table of the chemical elements? 11) How are disciplines within chemistry traditionally grouped? 12) What is studied by inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry? 13) What is studied by biochemistry, physical chemistry?
Exercise 5. Read the sentences and say if they are true to the text or false.
Correct the mistakes.
1) Chemistry is the science about immune system. 2) Chemistry is concerned with the changes matter undergoes during chemical reactions. 3) Ancient Egyptians pioneered the art of dry chemistry 4,000 years ago. 4) Wet chemistry means that chemistry is done in the solid phase.
5) The genesis of chemistry can be traced to the widely observed phenomenon of cooling.
6) Starving led to the discovery of the process of purification. 7) In the XXI century an epidemic of plague gave rise to a need for medicines. 8) Gregor Mendel developed the theory of Conservation of mass. 9) Dmitri Mendeleev discovered the periodic table of the chemical elements. 10) Inorganic chemistry is the study of carbon based matter. 11) Analytical chemistry is the analysis of material samples.
Exercise 6. Match the book-names of chemistry sub disciplines and their definitions.
| 1) Analytical chemistry 2) Biochemistry 3) Inorganic chemistry 4) Materials chemistry 5) Neurochemistry 6) Nuclear chemistry 7) Organic chemistry 8) Physical chemistry | a) is the study of the structure, properties, composition, mechanisms, and reactions of organic compounds. b) is the study of the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds. c) is the study of the physical and fundamental basis of chemical systems and processes. d) is the analysis of material samples to gain an understanding of their chemical composition and structure. e) is the study of the chemicals, chemical reactions and chemical interactions that take place in living organisms. f) is the study of how subatomic particles come together g) is the preparation, characterization, and understanding of substances with a useful function. h) is the study of neurochemicals; including transmitters, peptides, proteins, lipids, sugars, and nucleic acids. |