12. МНОГОЗНАЧНЫЕ СЛОВА
I. Многозначные существительные
Известную трудность при переводе представляют многозначные слова. Полисемантизм вообще характерен для английского языка и нужно все время иметь в виду, что любое казалось бы хорошо знакомое слово в зависимости от контекста может иметь совсем иное значение. Так например:
1. power имеет следующие значения: 1) держава, го
сударство; 2) сила, мощь; 3) власть, могущество; 4) мн. ч.
полномочия; 5) энергия. В сочетании с предлогом in приобре
тает адвербиальное значение: 1) у власти; 2) в состоянии.
The important task of preserving peace lies mainly with the great powers. На великих державах лежит важная задача сохранения мира.
They have mustered sufficient sea, air and land power to win back that territory. Они собрали достаточные морские, воздушные и сухопутные силы, чтобы отвоевать эту территорию.
Electric power can easily be transferred over long distances. Электроэнергию можно легко передавать на большие расстояния.
2. case имеет следующие значения: 1) случай, обстоя
тельство, положение, дело; 2) судебное дело; 3) мед. случай,
пациент, раненый; 4) факты, доказательства, доводы (в
пользу кого-л. или чего-л.) и ряд других значений. В за
висимости от контекста слово case может переводиться так
же следующими словами: вопрос, момент, прецедент и др.
(in case в случае; It is not the case это не так; as was the case
как это было).
The executive of the National Union of Steel Metal Workers has passed the cose back to the local officials to resolve. Исполком национального союза металлистов передал дело (вопрос) обратно на рассмотрение местной администрации.
The cose will be tried in the law court next week. Дело будет рассматриваться в суде на следующей неделе.
An epidemic of the grippe broke out in England. The first coses were immediately sent to hospital. В Англии вспыхнула эпидемия гриппа. Первых заболевших сразу же отправили в больницу. -cord имеет следующие значения: 1) запись, лето-тория; 2) протокол (заседания), официальный до-o иin, тпись, отчет; 3) характеристика, репутация;;1кты, данные; 5) рекорд, рекордный уровень; 6) плас-
The General Assembly should transmit to the States concerned the record of the discussion of the item at the ninth session. Генеральной Ассамблее следует передать заинтересованным государствам протокол этого пункта на 9 сессии.
The Japanese expansionists desired to get on record as true supporters of the peace movement. Японские экспансионисты хотели заработать репутацию подлинных сторонников мира.
According to New Orleans police records, they were detained at the request of the F. B. I. Согласно данным (материалам, девье) Ново-Орлеанской полиции, они были задержаны чю требованию Ф.Б.Р.
4. pattern может переводиться на русский язык сле
дующими словами: 1) образец, пример; 2) система; 3) путь;
4) характерное явление, характер; 5) форма, шаблон,
модель.
Key to the destruction of the old colonial pattern is industrialization. Индустриализация является ключом к разрушению старой колониальной системы.
Turkey's pattern of development since 1948 cannot be explained only as a drive for self-sufficiency. Путь (характер) развития Турции с 1948 года нельзя объяснить одним лишь стремлением к самостоятельности.
5. office может переводиться на русский язык сле
дующими словами: 1) служба, должность; 2) обязанность,
долг, функция; 3) власть; 4) аппарат, контора; 5) ведом
ство, министерство; 6) пост и др.
No sooner were they in office than they proceeded upon the fundamental misreading of the mood of the people of the U. S. and other countries. He успели они стать у власти, как совершенно неправильно стали истолковывать настроения народа США и других стран.
Since he has been in the White House, the President's Office has been radically reorganized. С тех пор как он вступил на пост президента, вся система аппарата была коренным образом реорганизована. The leader of the victorious party was offered the office of Prime Minister. Главе победившей партии предложили (занять) пост премьер-министра.
6. facilities. Есть целый ряд английских слов, которые
не имеют эквивалента в русском языке и поэтому иногда
их приходится переводить по-разному, в зависимости от
контекста, иногда описательным путем. Одним из таких
слов является facilities, которое обозначает предмет или
обстоятельство, совокупность предметов или обстоятельств,
помогающих совершить действие. Так например, facili
ties for transport средства передвижения; facilities for stud
ies и необходимые поме!цения, и оборудование и даже на
личие соответствующего времени, необходимого для занятий.
Словарь дает следующие значения: 1) благоприятные ус
ловия, льготы; 2) оборудование, приспособление, аппара
тура; 3) средства обслуживания, удобства. В зависимости
от контекста может переводиться и другими словами: возможность, помещение и т. д.
MPs already complain of lack of facilities to do their work while Press and other staff also find they work in overcrowded and unsuitable conditions. Члены парламента уже жаловались на отсутствие благоприятных условий для (выполнения) работы, а работники печати и другие служащие считают, что они работают в переполненных помещениях и в плохих условиях.
A more recent project has been the modernization of port facilities and the improvement of natural ports. Более поздний проект заключает в себе модернизацию оборудования порта и улучшение естественных портов.
7. community имеет следующие значения: 1) община;
2) oOuifcmeo; 3) население, группа населения; 4) круги;
5) сообщество, объединение; G) сотрудничество; 7) общность.
Перевод слова зависит от того, в каком словосочетании оно
встречается. Например: the interests of the community ин
тересы общества, Negro (white) community негритянское
(белое) население, financial (business) community финансовые (деловые) круги, European Economic Community Европейское экономическое сообщество, European Coal and Steel
Community Европейское объединение угля и стали, technolog teal community техническое сотрудничество, community of goods общность владения имуществом, community of interests
общность интересов.
II. Многозначные служебные слова
1. Since - грамматический омоним. Выступая в предложении в качестве союза, since переводится на русский
язык: 1) поскольку, так как; 2) с тех пор как, после этого
(того); выступая в качестве предлога, since переводится:
с, со времени и т. д.
Up to the present, international agreements on the prices of certain major products have scarcely modified the situation since prices are always dictated by the big industrial powers. Вплоть до настоящего времени международные соглашения о ценах на некоторые основные продукты вряд ли изменили положение дел, поскольку цены всегда определяются (диктуются) великими промышленными державами. Since 1945 immense changes have occurred in the Far East. Большие изменения произошли на Дальнем Востоке с 1945 года.
Примечание. Словосочетание since then переводится: с тех пор, с того времени, после зтого; ever since 1) с тех (самых) пор (как); 2) со времени; long since давно уже.
2. While - многозначный союз. Переводится на русский язык: I) в то время как, пока; 2) хотя, тогда как, несмотря на то, что.
Over 60,000 drivers were on strike yesterday. Men at York and Portsmouth joined the strike, while at Edinburgh there was a return to work. Вчера забастовало более 60 тыс. водителей машин. Рабочие в Йорке и Портсмуте присоединились к забастовщикам, в то время как в Эдинбурге рабочие вновь приступили к работе (вернулись на работу).
While the negotiation has been protracted, there is no evidence that a deadlock has been reached. Хотя переговоры затянулись, нет оснований считать, что они зашли в тупик.
Примечание. While в сочетании с причастием обычно не переводится.
While rejecting In principle any interference in the internal affairs of young national states, the socialist countries consider it their duty to help the peoples in strengthening their independence. Отвергая в принципе любое вмешательство во внутренние дела молодых национальных государств, социалистические страны считают своим долгом помочь народам в укреплении их суверенитета.
3. For - грамматический омоним. Выступая в предложении в качестве союза, for переводится на русский ибо, так как.
How to guarantee durable peace on our planet? The best way is general and complete disarmament, for it rules out force in settlement of international issues. Как обеспечить длительный мир на нашей планете? Лучшим путем для этого является всеобщее и полное разоружение, ибо оно исключает применение силы в разрешении международных споров.
Выступая в качестве предлога, for переводится: 1) за, ради; 2) за, по; 3) д.гя; 4) в течение; 5) из-за, по причине, вследствие.
For the United States, the Common Market has been part of its strategy for uniting the anti-socialist forces in the economic as well as the military sense. Для США Общий рынок был частью их стратегических планов, направленных на объединение антисоциалистических сил как с экономической, так и с военной точки зрения.
4. As - грамматический омоним. Выступая в предложении в качестве союза, переводится: 1) когда, в то время
как, по мере того как; 2) так как; 3) как. После прилагательного (в функции предикативного члена) в инвертированном предложении имеет уступительное значение и переводится: хотя, как ни.
As the world socialist system grows stronger, the international situation changes more and more in favour of the peoples fighting for independence, democracy and social progress. По мере того как мировая социалистическая система становится сильнее, международное положение меняется все больше и больше в пользу народов, борющихся за независимость, демократию и социальный прогресс.
Difficult as the task was, they set a time-limit for its fulfilment. Как ни трудна была эта задана (хотя эта задача была очень трудной), они установили срок для ее выполнения.
Выступая в качестве наречия, as переводится: как, как например. В сочетании с прилагательным и наречием: так же как, такой же как; as to (for) что касается; as И как если бы, как будто.
The struggle for peace is as important as the struggle for independence. Борьба за мир так же важна, как и борьба за независимость.
5. But - грамматический омоним. В качестве предлога but переводится на русский язык: кроме, за исключением, anything but - далеко не, все что угодно, только не. В качестве союза переводится: \)но, а, однако, тем не менее; 2) если не, как не, чтобы не; but for если бы не. В качестве наречия переводится: только, лишь.
The president warned that they had no choice but to go to the only area where they would be helped, namely the East. Президент предупредил, что у них нет другого выбора, кроме как обратиться к единственному району, где им помогут, а именно к Востоку.
Примечание. Слово well в сочетании с различными частями речи, сохраняя в основном свое значение, переводится по-разному:
1. well-f глагол (well стоит после глагола) и well-f*причастие II
(well стоит перед причастием): хорошо, вполне.
The plan, if well designed, will make il possible to save our resources. План, если он хорошо составлен, даст возможность сохранить наши ресурсы.
2. Well-гмодальный глагол (well стоит между модальным и
основным глаголом): вполне, с успехом.
This question may well be discussed at the next sitting. Этот воп" рос с успехом может быть обсужден на следующем заседании.
3. Well4-наречие (союз): значительно, очень, довольно; well
after значительно позже, well before задолго, as well также, as well
as так же как, как... так ц....
Private consumption was well down in the lirst part of the year. Личное потребление было очень низким в первой половине года.
13. НЕОЛОГИЗМЫ
1. Неологизмы - это новые слова, еще не зарегистрированные в англо-русских словарях, или не зафиксированные словарями новые значения слов, уже существующих в языке.
Для уяснения значения неологизма рекомендуется:
1) постараться выяснить значение слова из контекста,
2) обратиться к последнему изданию одного из англо
английских словарей и попытаться отыскать данное слово
в разделе "Новые слова", 3) постараться выяснить значение
нового слова, исходя из его структуры.
При переводе неологизмов используются следующие переводческие приемы: 1) транскрипция, 2) калькирование,
3) описательный перевод.
1) Примеры транскрибирования неологизмов: beatniks
битники; beatles битлзы, escalation эскалация, Benelux
Бенелюкс.
2) Примеры калькирования неологизмов (т. е. воспро
изведения средствами русского языка значения и морфоло
гической структуры нового английского слова или слово
сочетания): air bridge воздушный мост, shadow cabinet
теневой кабинет, nuclear umbrella ядерный зонтик.
3) Примеры описательного перевода: to lobby посылать
делегатов для оказания давления на членов парламента -
депутатов их округа; deterrent средство устранения;
сдерживающее средство, оружие; redundancy увольнение
по сокращению штатов; landslide полная (блестящая)
победа на выборах; gimmick трюк, штучка, хитроумное
приспособление; какое-либо новшество, направленное на
то, чтобы привлечь всеобщее внимание; brain drain утечка
квалифицированных кадров ("утечка умов"); brain washing
идеологическая обработка ("промывание мозгов"); hawks and doves сторонники расширения войны и сторонники мира ("ястребы и голуби").
2. Образование неологизмов.
1) Расширение значения. Слово, употребляясь в раз
личных контекстах, приобретает новые оттенки значения,
а в ряде случаев и новые значения. Так, слово confrontation
первоначально означало очная ставка, сличение, сопостав
ление. С течением времени это слово стало употребляться
в словосочетании confrontation of armed forces и приобрело
значение соприкосновение вооруженных сил. В настоящее
время confrontation приобрело значение открытое столк
новение, например: the confrontation of the two social systems
столкновение интересов двух социа,гьных систем. Такие
слова, как deterrent, redundancy, landslide и другие также
изменяли свое значение в ходе исторического развития
языка.
2) Префиксальное и суффиксальное образование новых
слов. Префикс re- означает повторность действия: rethink
ing переосмысление, renazification ренацификация, retrain
ing переподготовка, переквалификация, reimposition вве
дение чего-л. снова.
Префикс de- придает значение обратного действия, demilitarize демилитаризовать, denazify денацифицировать, denazification денацификация, denuclearize лишать ядерного оружия, deescalation деэскалация.
Суффикс -ее образует существительные, которые очень часто передают значение объекта действия: detainee задержанный (арестованный).
3) Образование неологизмов путем конверсии: the needy
нуждающиеся; to front-page помещать на первой странице;
to snowball быстро распространяться, увеличиваться
(расти, как снежный ком).
4) В настоящее время появилось много слов типа teach-
in. Эти слова употребляются для обозначения различных
форм протеста или разъяснительной кампании. Глагольный
корень указывает на место или форму протеста или кампа
нии: teach-in диспут протеста (протест в форме проведе
ния диспута), pray-in протест в церкви или путем молитв.
Иногда такие слова указывают на что направлено требование протестующих: buy-in требование равных возможностей при покупке дома; apply-in требование равных возможностей при найме на работу.
14. "ЛОЖНЫЕ ДРУЗЬЯ" ПЕРЕВОДЧИКА
Слова, относящиеся к этому разделу, можно подразделить на три группы:
1. Слова, которые имеют внешнее сходство (звучание
и написание) со словами русского языка, но значение ко
торых не всегда совпадает. Например: dramatic драмати
ческий, драматичный, неожиданный., яркий, впечат
ляющий, сенсационный; decade десятилетие; popu
lar народный, популярный; formal формальный, офици
альный; nation нация, народ, страна; sabotage вреди
тельство, диверсионный акт, саботаж и многие
другие.
Примечание.!) зависимости от контекста эти слова могут иметь другие оттенки значения и переводиться иначе.
2. Слова, которые по множественном числе приобретают
новое значение, как например: difference разница, разли
чие- differences 1) различия, 2) разногласия; develop
ment развитие-developments события и т.д.
Примечание. Кроме того, слово development часто употребляется в значении: участок, подлежащий освоению; освоение; микрорайон и т. п.
3. Слова, употребление которых в единственном и множественном числе не совпадает и русском и английском языках. Например: industry промышленность, industries промышленность, отрасли промышленности; policy политика, политический курс, policies политика, политический курс; atomic weapons (мн. ч.) атомное оружие (ед. ч.).
ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ДЛЯ ПЕРЕВОДА НА СМЕШАННЫЕ ТРУДНОСТИ
I. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неличных форм глагола и их функцию.
1. One person in ten can expect to be seriously injured
or killed in a road accident during their lifetime, according
to Prof. W. G., director of the Road Injuries Research Group
at the Birmingham Accident Hospital, in a report issued to
day. The report is concerned with ways of reducing the 24,000
deaths in Britain each year of men and women below the age
of 45. It concentrates on accidents, cancer, heart disease
and suicide, which between them cause three quarters of
these young adult deaths. In a foreword, Mr G. Т., director,
Office of Health Economics, suggests that 6,000 to 7,000
young lives could be saved each year if attention was concen
trated on preventing the four main causes of premature death.
2. The Geneva conference having failed to secure an agree
ment, there was no way of telling what the outcome will be.
3. After months of talks and Cabinet discussions, the
Government has told us what power it intends to hold over
pay negotiations in the future, after "severe restraint" has
ended. Part II of the Price and Incomes Act is to be "acti
vated", to follow the period of "severe restraint" due to
end in a few months time. Increases in both incomes and
prices are to be vetted through "early-warning measures".
As far as prices are concerned the system* is supposed to con
centrate on those of economic significance, especially those
affect ing the cost of living. Part II enforces the notification
of wage claims, by either the employer or the union, within
seven days of their being lodged. Notification has to be made
to the appropriate Government Minister.
4. "The only alternative to letting the British Motor
Corporation company close and a thousand people become redundant, was for the Government to take over responsibility," said the Minister of Aviation repudialirg Tory charges that the Government was responsible for the failure of private enterprise in this field.
5. Far from steering a middle course, or a modern course,
or making changes, or bringing Socialist aims up to date, as
in turn he claimed, he is operating a Tory-Right Wing Labour
mixture of policies as old-fashioned as top hats on Palace
coachmen, but not nearly as harmless or funny. The Prime Min
ister said that the July measures, "so far from threatening
the nation with continuing unemployment, by creating the
opportunity for a new break-through in exports and produc
tion, hold out the surest guarantee we have of full employ
ment fora generation."
6. Far from being a vote-winner, the Budget seems to
have driven a bigger proportion of voters than ever to turn
away from the Tories at the Derby North by-election.
7. A struggle for conscience began in America in the
days of Tom Paine and the American revolution. It started
in England with the Puritans and other protestant sects
fighting the persecution of the State and its State religion.
8. Even with the pendulum of power swinging back to
the Security Council, as it is doing at present, the Assembly
will retain considerable political influence, provided its
Afro-Asian majority continues to show a sense of responsi
bility.
9. Having refused to recognize this in time, Washington
was forced to retreat, under the pressure of rather embarrassing
circumstances, from the juridically sound but politically
unrealistic position it had enjoined on the United States de
legation to the U. N.
10. "Our Government is taking a huge gamble in going
into the Common Market in the belief that a single inte
grated large industrial area represents the best outlet for our
products. This strategy is obviously very risky. Instead of
going after the maximum amount of international trade, we
are tying ourselves to a tight restrictive group fiercely com
peting among each other for vital markets in North America."
11. With no party having an over-all majority, and the
political stalemate renewed, the three possible coalitions
are: Christian Democrats with Free Democrats; Social Dem
ocrats with Free Democrats; and last, but by no means
least likely, a continuation of the 'Grand Coalition' between
the Christian Democrats and the Social Democrats.
II Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод страдательного залога и сослагательного наклонения.
1. While Trades Union Congress leaders were being press-
yesterday at Downing Street to agree to wage freezing,
Stock Exchange speculators were pushing share prices to a new record level.
2. This report - the first of which will appear next
autumn,- would give the T. U. C. views on the general level
of pay increases in the following years. Claims notified to the
General Council by unions would be in accordance with it.
Discussions with the Department of Economic Affairs and
the Confederation of British Industry would take place be
fore the drawing up of the report.
3. Tomorrow night's meeting of the Parliamentary Labour
Party, when the Prime Minister will wind up the discussions
on the Market, will conclude his formality of consulting back
benchers about a decision he has already made in principle.
His speech to MPs is to be published immediately after it is
made, which is thought to be a further indication of his ef
forts to guide opinion the way he wants. Anti-Market MPs
hope that the speech Mr E. S. will make will also get similar
facilities and be published in full. Most MPs would be sur
prised if the Cabinet should fail to endorse the Prime Minis
ter's known desire to ask for negotiations on the transitional
arrangements needed during the period of Britain's adjust
ment to Common Market laws and practice.
4. Behind this action lies an admission of, and a deter
mination to solve, the real problem of every weatherman-
that meteorologists actually know frighteningly little about
the weather. "If a scientist in any other field made predic
tions based on so little basic information," the head of the
United States Weather Bureau's international unit remarked
recently "he'd be flatly out of his mind." And if chemistry
were now at the same stage as meteorology, a colleague add
ed, the world would just be beginning to worry about the
horrifying effect of gunppwder in warfare.
5. The repercussions in Nigeria, should he carry out his
threat to resign, might be even more serious. In September
a conference is due to be held in London at which representa
tives from all parts of Nigeria will be present.
6. If the British Government were to declare that the
M. L. F.* should be abandoned and make a call for practical
steps of disarmament it would find a big response here.
* CM. сноску на стр. ПО.
7. Both countries have an interest in avoiding such an
extention of the area of conflict because of the threatening
consequences, were the localization to fail.
8. A heavy expenditure on atomic development for peace
ful purposes, if controlled by the people, would ultimately
pay handsome dividends.
9. The decision that there should be no broadcast on mat
ters which were about to be debated in Parliament was orig
inally neither negotiated nor bargained for.
10. An undertaking by non-nuclear states not to acquire
nor manufacture nuclear weapons would be an important
step. The guarantee through the U. N. should safeguard against
threats by countries embarking on a nuclear weapons capa
bility, as well as those which already had that capability,
the Indian delegate said.
11. That the decision of the steering committee should
have been overruled by the narrow margin of one vote only
points to the necessity of continuing the debates.
12. "Of the 550,000 people who die each year, at least
100,000 die of conditions that can now be prevented or whose
destructive powers can be diminished or postponed." Dr W.
illustrated his point with the case of the Rhondda, where
the health facilities "are quite inadequate." Of the 1,380
people who died there in 1965, 388 would have survived if
the death rate had been as low as in the rest of England and
Wales.
13. Mr H. suggested that the Lord Chancellor should
help the Smith regime make sense of the proposals for setting
up an interim Government which it had not been able to
accept. He said it was "a mark of bankruptcy of statesman
ship" to come to the point where mandatory sanctions had
to be used - a remark which brought murmurs from the La
bour benches. He asked the Prime Minister for a categorical
undertaking that if oil sanctions were proposed particularly
against South Africa, the British Government would use its
veto. This-brought cries of "no" from a number of Labour
back-benchers.
14. Women demanding equal pay should press home their
campaign. For the P. I. B.'s* proposal that nationalized
industry chiefs should get the same as the heads of the firms
with similar responsibilities is, after all, only another way
of saying that pay should be equal for work of equal value.
III. Переведите следующие предложения, постарайтесь точно передать значение модальных глаголов.
1. But while workers, whatever they may think of film
and pop stars salaries can't do much about it, they can use
their strength to win higher wages for themselves, at the ex
pense of the huge profits made by the employers. This is
what the unions were created for, and what their members
expect them to do.
2. Trade unionists who might have been tempted into
the Tory camp by Mr H.'s claim to be their best friend should
have a look at what another Tory leader said yesterday. The
Tory Shadow Minister of Labour made it quite clear that he
would use the law against the unions with quite as much relish
as the present Government. By letting it be known that they
will vote against the compulsory powers in Part IV of the
Price and Incomes Act, the Tories are trying to pose as the
defenders of trade union freedom.
3. The chairman of a firm of timber importers, gently
chided his fellow-industrialists. He reminded them that some
of the presidents of the larger Soviet trade corporations had
told him that orders which might have been placed in Bri
tain had not been because either British exporters were unable
to quote or were uncompetitive.
4. The Prime Minister's famous victory last week against
the rebels within his own party was surely cheaply won. His
own performance may have been - indeed, must have
been - more effective to listen to than to read later, for de
spite the fact that it was a speech for all seasons, containing
something for everybody involved in the east-of-Suez dispute,
it left unanswered or inadequately answered so many ques
tions about Britain's future role in the world and how it is
to be fulfilled, that the great debate is very far from conclu
sion. For all his political skill, the Prime Minister has only
written another chapter, he has not closed the book.
5. Some excuse for the behaviour of Tory chieftains might
be provided if it could be shown that the leadership battle
revolved round central issues of public importance. But
throughout the dispute has been concerned with personalities
and patronage-gang warfare in all its sterility.
6. Many past air crashes, as subsequent investigation has
shown, could have been avoided. There are many points
about the Innsbruck flight which need an answer. Perhaps
the answers to these questions will be satisfactory. In this case every possible step may have been taken that could have been taken, and it may be shown that only a human error that could not have been foreseen caused the crash.
7. The Administration, which has been on its best behav
iour throughout the summer in not pressing Britain to reach
an early decision on the multilateral nuclear force, is no\y
making it plain that it would welcome an immediate answer.
Serious discussions are to begin next month with West Ger
many, Italy and others, and if Britain is not to miss the boat
she must be ready to take part.
8. A threat to underdeveloped countries that they must
pursue policies pleasing to the U. S. if they want financial
aid was made in Washington yesterday by the U. S. Under
secretary of State. "If a country is to be able to achieve
self-sustaining growth within a reasonable future," he told
the annual meeting of the World Bank, "it will have to pur
sue realistic policies to acquire the capital it needs."
9. Our view is that if Britain and the Europeans are to
achieve a constructive influence in African affairs, it can be
done only through the medium of the United Nations. That
is the only forum in which the old colonial powers, the newly
liberated nations, the Soviet Union and the United States
can meet and deal with one another in the context of the law
of the Charter.
10. Prospects of more election broadcasts for the Commu
nist party could be improved as a result of recommendations
in a report from the Speaker's Conference on Electoral Law,
issued yesterday. But these are recommendations and pres
sure will have to be maintained if they are to be transformed
into decisions. Claiming that existing arrangements for allo
cating time at General Elections "are broadly satisfactory,"
the report suggests: "The broadcasting authorities should
review the arrangements made for broadcasts at election
times by minor parties."
IV. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод многозначных слов.
1. Whether it would be possible to negotiate arrangements
to cover each case no one can say. But the chances are likely
to be better with Britain a member of this organization.
2. Everywhere one travels in Africa, whether in the re
maining colonial territories or in the newly independente cannot help being.struck by
Hie disastrous effects of the сп|м ш
I hat resolution is similar to our drlc.ib-d l>y.1 47-vote a year ago and is expected to be defi-aled by a wider margin this year.
4. In the case of the Union of Post Office workers а mem-
ber could be excluded from membership for up to twelve
months since there was no provision for any stay pending ap
peal to annual conference.
5. The company is reluctant to consider the workers'
demand for wage increase. What seems to be the case is that
it wants to prevent any drastic steps being taken to interfere
with their profit making activity.
6. The fact is that local industrialists were invited to be
come members of the board when it was set up, and it must
have been obvious that they would not only be concerned with
local development, but in some cases be personally involv
ed.
7. Complicated legal issues which have arisen are being
studied by the Attorney General's department which believes
there is a case for damages against the tanker's owners.
8. Yet for large and small nations, their record in the
General Assembly does provide a yardstick with which to
measure the application of their publicly announced foreign
policy.
9. Mr H. is the only serious rival at present, and if pol
itics was a science, he would be a formidable rival. He has
a splendid record as a reform mayor and a courageous Senator.
10. Mr N. had been under fire from many sections of the
student community for allegedly being out of touch with
the problems of ordinary students, and his speech tonight
was being regarded as a make or break bid to win back popu
lar support for executive policy.
11. The biggest problem, however, is likely to be on the
wage front. Mow cooperative will the unions be this summer
as their demands culminate? A strong point is that the Chan
cellor of the Kxeheqiier can now have as fullscale and
thorough a Budget as lie thinks necessary.
12. The tourist potential is as yet largely untapped. But
every effort is being made to develop the industry into a
major foreign exchange earner. Apart from the existing faci
lities, the National Development Corporation is embarking
upon a major programme for tourist accommodation facil
ities.
13. Mr P. says that only the pro-Market case has been put by the "giant combines that now control the British Press," and that as a result many Six opponents have been brainwashed into a false sense of loneliness.
V. Переведите следующие предложения.
1. But far from unemployment being temporary, the
Minister himself has told us emphatically that the Govern
ment's policy of restraining wages, which is causing unem
ployment, is to go on - not for 12 months, but indefinitely.
2. Trade unionists do not find this logic difficult to
accept. But they are not so equally convinced that a fair
answer will be found in a largely privately owned economy;
and that under these conditions the burden of restraint will,
in fact, fall fairly on wage-earners and the recipients of divi
dends.
3. In order to get the Trades Union Congress to accept
the latest proposals on wage restraint made by the General
Council the delegates are being told that unless they agree
to them the alternative is legislation. This is like telling a
man that unless he cuts his throat you will shoot him. Either
way he hasn't much to look forward to.
4. The Chancellor of the Exchequer impressed on the House
that all that was needed was that everyone should behave
sensibly and realize that if the country threw away this op
portunity it might be long before it got another anything like
so favourable. Stable prices could be assured only by price
reductions in the field where progress was fastest and If
the benefits of progress for which the whole community was
responsible were shared by the whole community.
5. The Prime Minister's speech in New York is widely
accepted in Continental European financial quarters as a con
vincing political assurance that he does not plan any devalua
tion, but there are doubts whether he can successfully de
fend the pound while also insisting on maintaining economic
growth and full employment in Britain. It is conceded that
the Labour Government is likely to succeed in balancing
Britain's capital account by the end of next year by restrict
ing capital outflow, but it is stressed that it is not the capi
tal account but the trade account which matters.
6. This system makes a mockery of democracy. The more
the "freedom" of these people is interfered with, the more
freedom is extended for the majority. The more their right
in.ike profits is limited, the more the rest of the community will benefit.
7. That view will gain ground because a new shock awaits
Parliamentary Labour Party and the Labour move-
tiuMit. The Prime Minister appears to have won the case, and carefully calculated leaks are coming from Cabinet Ministers to prepare us all for yet one more reversal of policy.
8. It is not the critics of the Minister of Economy who
are cynical. That is a word which could be more accurately
applied to a Minister who says he is for prices being kept
down, and then supports a Budget which puts them up.
9. If British economic commitments and promises are
to be fulfilled and the presence of a new Minister for Overseas
Development in the Cabinet means what the Prime Minister
seemed to imply it meant on Monday evening, the aid pro
gramme is unlikely to be pruned much, if at all.
10. If the staff at Labour Party headquarters get the
12V2 per cent pay rise which it is reported they are to be of
fered, or the bigger increase they may ask for, they will no
doubt congratulate themselves not only on their own efforts,
but on having employers prepared to stand up to the Govern
ment and defy the pay freeze.
11. And even more important than an inquiry into the
past is the fight to change future policy. What we should be
concerned with is not to prevent "excessive profits" being
made out of war preparations, but to prevent any profit
being made at all, by ending the waste on arms.
12. Before this was voted on the vice-chairman of the
shop stewards committee suggested that, because of the at
titude shown by the company they should demand that the orig
inal date be adhered to with the full time union officials
being brought into consultations on the sacking issue. Had
he been able to put this case through the microphone it is
certain to have had wide support, but few heard him and the
i-hairman put the original recommendation, which was car
ried. A shop steward said after the meeting: "I was amazed
that a recommendation endorsed by over 100 leading shop
stewards of our union last night was not put to the meeting.
I feel that had this been explained and the vice-chairman
able to speak on his suggestion, then there would have Iiri-ii a very different decision today. They would have rejected redundancy and insisted on further negotiations."
1.4. The argument about whether the motor companies should release workers to the rest of the labour market rather
than put them on short time re veals once again the great divide between economic ideas in the abstract and the way the British economy works at present.
14. The big question in industry today is security of
employment. As redundancy and short-time working spread
throughout the car industry and the many industries wholly
or largely dependent upon it, as the same process operates in
the other sections producing consumer durable goods of all
kinds, like furniture and refrigerators, and as the programme of
pit closures gets under way, workers everywhere must be
worried about their own jobs even if they are not in one of
the immediately hard-hit industries.
15. It is a thorough disgrace that a Labour council should
be acting in this way. A Labour council should set an example
as a model landlord, not as peacemaker for the avaricious,
grasping private landlords. The reason for the increase in
rents is the usual one - the council is in the red on its hous
ing account. But that is not the fault of the tenants. It is
the fault of the Government which has failed to keep its elec
tion manifesto promise to "introduce a policy of lower inte
rest rates for housing." It is also the fault of the council for
not insisting that the Government honours its pledge. In
stead of an increase in rents, the council should insist that
interest on housing loans should be cut. This is something
the Government could do instead of slinging money down
the drain keeping troops in West Germany, Aden or Singapore.
Apart from the gross injustice of the extortionate demands,
rent increases are a very bad electoral advertisement for
Labour. So let us wish the tenants every success in their
struggle against boneheaded bureaucrats in the Town
Hall.
16. It was he who with the Prime Minister, turned the
scales against having a snap election in November without
making even the pretence of coping with the dollar crisis.
It was he who threw his weight in favour of February as the
best moment to send the Labour machine into action; and it
is he who will profit most among the party's leaders if La
bour wins.
17. An early general election, which last week would have
seemed bound to introduce a score of Irrelevant issues at this
time of pressing national anxiety, is now the only way of end
ing the confusion caused by what Mr N. termed the Govern
ment's decision "to aggravate and inflame political and
party strife, not by words only - we all use words in party politics - but by deeds." To this all-important side of the question Mr M. made only passing references.
18. A call for continuous pressure on the Government to
act before more newspapers are forced to close down was
made by Mr M., Labour MP for Ashfield, at the end of the
Press teach-in in London on Wednesday evening. Summing
up the entire teach-in, Mr M. said a lot of different proposals
had been put forward during the3V2-hour discussion. But he
believed that most would agree that some form of Govern
ment intervention was necessary. "The only way we can get
the Government to see the urgency of the problem is for the
Labour and progressive movement generally to keep up
a continuous pressure on the Government to act, and to act
now before there are more closures." Nearly 1,000 people
met for the Press teach-in sponsored jointly by the Sunday
Citizen, Tribune and the Morning Star, and held at Camden
Town Hall. Almost all were convinced of the need for Govern
ment intervention to save the Press from being at the mercy
of the highest bidders, men whose concern was not for democ
racy but only for money-making.
19. In his speech to newspaper editors yesterday the
Paymaster General named monopoly and big commercial
advertisers as a threat to Press freedom and democracy. But
having revealed many of the things that were wrong, unfor
tunately he did not assist us by making proposals which would
help to put things right. How amazing that he did not men
tion that the Government, of which he is a member, had giv
en the death blow to the Sunday Citizen, by refusing to
give that cooperatively owned newspaper the advertising aid
it asked for. Yet by refusing to aid the Citizen and stop
Lord T. swallowing The Times, the Government itself has
helped the "process of concentration and monopoly" which,
the Paymaster General said yesterday, he regarded as a danger
not only to Press freedom, but to democracy itself. By
giving the Press tycoons all this advertising, and depriving
the independent Morning Star of a fair share, the Government
is helping to increase the danger to democracy. Having lec
tured the newspaper editors, the Paymaster General ought
now to lecture the Cabinet on its public duty to provide the
Morning Star and Tribune, the last remaining papers of the
Left, with more Government advertisements. In the long run,
however, the future of the Morning Star depends on its read
ers. It is to them that we always appeal, as we do again,
to champion the cause of Press independence by winiiini readers of this newspaper, and new contributors to its Fund.
20. The National Coal Board chairman was criticized
at the Aberfan Inquiry yesterday after he had said that safety
precautions for looking after tips were inadequate before
the disaster. The Coal Board chairman told the inquiry that
he did not think there was any doubt that had new techniques
on tip safety been taken advantage of, there was a high prob
ability that they would not have been at the tribunal yes
terday. The inquiry chairman said, "Had we realized that it
was quite possible to know by the use of available measures
that this disaster was impending and preventible, the Coal
Board chairman would have been asked weeks ago to make
a statement to the Treasury solicitor and weeks and months
of this inquiry would have been rendered unnecessary."
21. It is time it was understood that history does not
develop according to the formulae of those who would like
to conserve it, those who would like to arrest the movement
of the people along the road of progress.
22. The Foreign Secretary is reported to be annoyed be
cause the Americans didn't consult him about their decision
to go ahead with an anti-ballistic missile system. But this is
typical of the U. S. Government's attitude to Britain, and
he ought to be used to it by now. The Foreign Secretary would
be in a stronger position to complain if his own nuclear
policy were any more sensible or any less dangerous than
America's.
23. But the text of the communique which is likely to be
agreed at another restricted session of the 22 delegations at
Marlborough House this morning is expected to be mainly a
record of disagreements -with Britain's view shown to be
a minority one in the conference.
24. The Prime Minister has done the right thing in end
ing speculation about a summer election. He had pretty well
forced an announcement on himself. Irritating the Labour
party with his cat-and-mouse tactics did not matter; the fact
that he was teasing the public as well did. The announcement
is also timed. To have made it earlier might have taken any
zest there was out of the local government elections; to have
made it later would have invited the charge that the Prime
Minister had been influenced by their results. ThenewCabinet
shows significant changes, both personal and constructional,
from the old one. Naturally it will be looked at most searching-
ly in the Ministries which touch the home front, and partic
ularly its economics. It was the failure either to coordinate
these Ministries successfully, or to present an intelligible pic-lure of their activities to the electorate, which was the chief weakness of the previous Cabinet. The Prime Minister's own record is here at its most untried. He will have to show that his capacity for government is sufficiently unspecializ-cd to make him as successful on the home front as he has been on the overseas.
25. Geneva, Tuesday. The broadening of trade with the
Socialist countries was advocated here today by the Secre
tary-General of the United Nations Conference on trade and
development. He told the Conference that there was a "great
potential" in the Socialist lands because of their high rate
f economic growth. For the time being, he said, trade with:he Socialist countries would have to be within a framework f bilateral accords, but he hoped that by degrees conditions oould be created "growing from bilateralism to multilateralism."
26. The approach to the Common Market will be accom
panied by intensive efforts within E. F. T. A.* to improve
and strengthen the association and, incidentally, to make
it a more powerful bargaining platform. The British Premier
who opened the discussion is understood to have told his
visitors that British membership of the Common Market is
"many years ahead" but that it was time for the E.F.T.A.
countries to get together to consider a joint policy. With
representatives present from five of the other E. F. T. A.
Governments and three Common Market Governments, the
occasion could hardly have been more suitable for launching
the theme. In any event, everyone seems to have been pleas
antly surprised by the friendliness of the discussions and
the wide range of agreement that was reached. The partici
pants of the conference seemed to have stressed the dangers
that could ensue from two European groups each with inter
nal Customs freedom but separated by a high tariff barrier.
An arrangement under which the Six could be treated as
one economic unit which might enter into relations with
E. F. T. A. to give a wider free trade group is also to be ex
plored. The leader of the Canadian New Democratic Party
put the Commonwealth viewpoint forcefully at the meeting
and earned the British Premier's assurance that Bril;iin
could not join a European trade block that was comniilli'd
to an agricultural policy like that of the Common
27. The Foreign Minister of West Germany is understood
to rfave emphasized that his proposals for political union
were not intended to exclude Britain from the talks; but there
were many difficulties, he pointed out, to be overcome by
the Six before they could see clearly which way they were
heading. There was no point in bringing in Britain before
they had reached that stage.
28. The real need is for the Western powers to maintain
their basic objectives, but to be more supple in applying
them in the search for unity, and the beginning should be
in a recognition that unity is more likely to come in a relax
ation of general European tension. Complete rigidity is in
danger of defeating the ends it has in view.
29. History will one day record that there has never
been in the U. S. a group or organization which has been lied
about, vilified, persecuted as has been t