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Текст 1. WHAT IS LAW?

Law permeates our lives. In all modern societies, relations between people are regulated by laws. Some of these laws are rules of social and moral behaviour, which can be called customs. But some laws are specially made by the legislature of the country and are enforced against all citizens.

It is natural that in every society people act primarily for their own interests, and their actions in society often result in conflicts. To restrain such conflicts rules for the control of people have been very important from the very dawn of civilization. The main repository of such rules is the law.

Law helps us to be civilized. It states a number of rules, which tell us what we may or may not do. Law is based on concepts of order and compulsion. Without laws there would be anarchy in society. Textbooks on law define it as "a body for human conduct, enforced by a governing power, as the means by which the control of society is achieved."

Besides social control, laws are aimed at implementing justice. Some laws are the reflection of the necessity of implementing common sense. E.g.: it is common sense that drunken driving should be punished, that a person who sustains damages should be compensated for them, etc. But sometimes there is some disagreement as to whether or not in reality one of the main purposes of the law is to promote social justice.

The rules of law that exist in modern societies are the result of evolution over centuries of social progress. The evolution of different legal systems reflects many specific factors (cultural, historical, etc.). That is why the laws of one country are often very different from the laws of another country.

Словарь:

Custom - обычай, традиция

legislature - законодательная власть;

to enforce - заставлять;

to result in conflicts – вызывать конфликты

to restrain conflicts сдерживать конфликты

dawn – рассвет

to implement - выполнять, осуществлять

sustain - испытывать; переносить

repository - хранилище

order and compulsion - приказ и принуждение

means - средство; способ

justice - справедливость

common sense - здравый смысл

Текст 2. THE LAW SYSTEM

Law is a system of rules established by the state. The main aim of law is to consolidate and safeguard the social and state system and its economic foundation.

One important distinction made in all countries is between private (or civil) law and public law. Civil law concerns disputes among citizens within a country, and public law concerns disputes between citizens and the state or between one state and another.

The system of law in our country consists of different categories of law.

Constitutional law is a leading category of the whole system of law. Its principal source is the country's Constitution. It deals with social structure, the state system, organization of state power and the legal status of citizens.

Administrative law is closely connected with constitutional law but it deals with the legal forms of concrete executive and administrative activity of a government and ministries.

Criminal law defines the general principles of criminal responsibility, individual types of crimes and punishment applied to criminals. Crimes are wrongs which, even committed against an individual are considered to harm the well-being of society in general. Criminal law takes the form of a criminal code.

International law regulates relations between governments and also between private citizens of one country and those of another.

Financial law regulates the budget, taxation, state credits and other spheres of financial activity.

Civil law is connected with relations in the economic sphere of life, with relations involving property, its distribution and exchange. The right in property is the central institution of civil law.

The rules of employment law include the legislation on the employment of industrial and office workers and regulate matters arising from employment relations.

1. Переведите на русский язык термины из текста:

2. Пользуясь словами из таблицы, выполните перевод на английский язык:

3. На основе прочитанного напишите по-английски определения, что такое закон (право) и правовая система:

Law is a system of rules established by the state.

Legal system of nearly all countries are generally modeled upon elements of five main types: civil law (including French law, the Napoleonic Code, Roman law, Roman-Dutch law, and Spanish law); common law (including United State law); customary law; mixed or pluralistic law; and religious law (including Islamic law)

4. ПИСЬМЕННО переведите текст на русский язык:

5. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты слов и выражений:

6. На основе прочитанного текста напишите по-английски 4 совета, как можно обезопасить свой дом, начиная с фразы «To protect your house, you should …» («Чтобы защитить свой дом, вам следует …»)

To protect your house, you should:

1. Asking a trustworthy neighbour to watch your house when you're away;

2. Find a reputable security firm to install a burglar alarm;

3. Leaving on a light or radio;

4. Install locks and safes, burglar bars.

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